Health Disparities By Race And Class: Why Both Matter

Kawachi, Ichiro; Daniels, Norman; Robinson, Dean E.

doi:10.1377/hlthaff.24.2.343

Cited by 352 publications

(245 citation statements)

References 8 publications

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“…2 Incidence rate ratios for the effect of year of diagnosis or of deprivation among non-South Asians. 3 Incidence rate ratios comparing South Asians to non-South Asians, by year of diagnosis or by deprivation. 4 Test for heterogeneity in incidence trends by year of diagnosis or deprivation between ethnic groups.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…[1][2][3] Cancer incidence is also strongly associated with socioeconomic group, 2 which varies between ethnic groups. 4 In US studies, ethnicity is commonly used as a proxy for social disadvantage, but these variables are not equivalent in the United Kingdom.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…4 In US studies, ethnicity is commonly used as a proxy for social disadvantage, but these variables are not equivalent in the United Kingdom. 3 With a few exceptions, [5][6][7] very little work in general has been done to attempt to separate out the effects of deprivation from ethnicity. South Asians in the United Kingdom are the largest group (4% of the population in 2001) to have moved from a cancer incidence setting with lower incidence than western populations.…”

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confidence: 99%

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Cancer incidence in South Asian migrants to England, 1986–2004: Unraveling ethnic from socioeconomic differentials

Maringe

Mangtani

Rachet

et al. 2012

Intl Journal of Cancer

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Studies on cancer in migrants are informative about the relative influence of environmental and genetic factors on cancer risk. This study investigates trends in incidence from colorectal, lung, breast and prostate cancer in England among South Asians and examines the influence of deprivation, a key environmental exposure. South Asian ethnicity was assigned to patients recorded in the population-based National Cancer Registry of England during 1986-2004, using the computerized algorithm SANGRA: South Asian Names and Groups Recognition Algorithm. Population denominators were derived from population censuses. Multivariable flexible (splines) Poisson models were used to estimate trends and socioeconomic differentials in incidence in South Asians compared to non-South Asians. Overall, age-adjusted cancer incidence in South Asians was half that in non-South Asians but rose over time. Cancer-specific incidence trends and patterns by age and deprivation differed widely between the two ethnic groups. In contrast to non-South Asians, lung cancer incidence in South Asians did not fall. Colorectal and breast cancer incidence rose in both groups, more steeply in South Asians though remaining less common than in non-South Asians. The deprivation gaps in cancer-specific incidence were much less marked among South Asians, explaining some of the ethnic differences in overall incidence. Although still lower than in non-South Asians, cancer incidence is rising in South Asians, supporting the concept of transition in cancer incidence among South Asians living in England. Although these trends vary by cancer, they have important implications for both prevention and anticipating health-care demand.Longstanding studies on cancer in migrants highlight the predominant influences of lifestyle rather than genetic factors on cancer risk.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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confidence: 99%

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confidence: 99%

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Cancer incidence in South Asian migrants to England, 1986–2004: Unraveling ethnic from socioeconomic differentials

Maringe

Mangtani

Rachet

et al. 2012

Intl Journal of Cancer

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“…One such approach in this framework is to examine socioeconomic and other risk factors within racial groups, 65 which was done in our case. Furthermore, given the substantial percentage of Black participants in the cohort (995 % Black), between-racial comparisons were impossible.…”

Section: Methods Samplementioning

confidence: 99%

Role of Direct and Indirect Violence Exposure on Externalizing Behavior in Children

et al. 2016

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The objective of this study was to examine the association between externalizing behaviors and indirect violence exposure, assessed both within the household and at the community level, as well as the interaction effect of indirect and direct violence exposure. A sample of parents of children ages 4-15 who have not been referred or enrolled in child welfare (n = 82) were recruited from the greater New Orleans community. Externalizing behavior was assessed with the Child Behavior Checklist (CBCL). The child's indirect exposure to violence included witnessing community violence, witnessing physical assault, and witnessing fighting or domestic violence at home. Direct exposure to violence included the child experiencing physical aggression from a caregiver. All assessments were based on caregiver reports. To decrease potential for confounding, children were matched for analysis based on age, Hurricane Katrina exposure, and their propensity to be exposed to high indirect violence. Cumulative indirect exposure to violence was significantly positively correlated with CBCL scores. After controlling for key covariates, CBCL externalizing T score increased significantly by approximately 1.25 points for each level increase in indirect violence exposure (β = 1.25, SE = 0.57, p = 0.027). There also was a significant interaction between indirect and direct exposure to violence in the association with CBCL score (β = −0.08, SE = 0.03, p = 0.002). These findings extend previous research by demonstrating that exposure to both direct and cross-contextual indirect violence influences externalizing behaviors in children. Additionally, the findings suggest that community and household social environments are both important targets for interventions designed to decrease externalizing behaviors and improve longterm outcomes for youth at risk of exposure to violence.KEYWORDS Childhood exposure to violence, Cumulative exposure to violence, Indirect exposure to violence, Direct exposure to violence, Community violence, Household violence, Child physical aggression, Child externalizing behaviors BACKGROUND

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“…has primarily been on race/ethnicity (Kawachi, Daniels, & Robinson, 2005). Additionally, although actual social mobility may be no greater in the U.S., there is a strong cultural belief that it is, and popular culture often represents the British as more cognizant of class differences.…”

Section: Us Samples: the Wisconsin Longitudinal Survey (Wls) And Thmentioning

confidence: 99%

Social status and health: A comparison of British civil servants in Whitehall-II with European- and African-Americans in CARDIA

Adler¹,

Singh‐Manoux

Schwartz

et al. 2008

Social Science & Medicine

267

258

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Health Disparities By Race And Class: Why Both Matter

Cited by 352 publications

References 8 publications

Cancer incidence in South Asian migrants to England, 1986–2004: Unraveling ethnic from socioeconomic differentials

Cancer incidence in South Asian migrants to England, 1986–2004: Unraveling ethnic from socioeconomic differentials

Role of Direct and Indirect Violence Exposure on Externalizing Behavior in Children

Social status and health: A comparison of British civil servants in Whitehall-II with European- and African-Americans in CARDIA

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