Health and Ecosystem Risks of Graphene

Time-dependent effect of graphene on the structure, abundance, and function of the soil bacterial community

“…It has been demonstrated that the toxicity of graphene is dependent on the preparation method [39]. Different preparation methods result in different sizes, shapes, edges and functional groups, which have been reported to affect toxicity [6]. Moreover, different microorganisms react differently to graphene.…”

“…During the course of the production, application and disposal of graphene-containing materials, graphene will inevitably be released into the environment. Therefore, concerns over its potential environmental and health risks have been raised [6]. Nevertheless, knowledge of the environmental impacts of graphene is currently very limited.…”

Classification Framework for Graphene‐Based Materials

“…The importance of these characteristics for ecological sustainability is noteworthy as these characteristics might modulate GBM-organism interactions and thus the transfer and impact of GBMs through the food chain and ecosystems. [17] A comparison study that reviewed toxicological aspects of GO in relation to its synthesis techniques found that thickness and lateral dimensions are the structural properties that vary the most. [7] In analogy to the requirement that graphene sheets must be of an appropriate size (i.e., size tuning of the lateral dimension) to suitably interface with biological systems, evidence is accumulating that cell viability and toxicity responses can be modulated by controlling the GBM surface oxygen content.…”

Graphene-based nanovehicles for photodynamic medical therapy

“…The toxicity and behavior of graphene-based materials in biological systems have been extensively investigated. [37][38][39][40][41][42] Pristine graphene and GO have been found to be toxic to mice in a dose-dependent manner. But functionalized nano-GO (eg, by biocompatible surface coatings) is shown to be much less harmful in both in vitro and in vivo experiments.…”