Health and economic benefit of China’s greenhouse gas mitigation by 2050

Abstract

As the biggest greenhouse gases (GHGs) emitter, China’s climate mitigation has tremendous contributions to the global carbon and air pollutants reductions. This study is trying to extract the co-benefit on air quality, public health and economic costs in China and worldwide from China’s GHGs mitigation policy. We construct two scenarios, with moderate climate mitigation action worldwide, versus more stringent climate mitigation action in China. We use the GAINS model to predict the GHGs and air pollutants emissions in the two scenarios, and a state-of-the-art global chemical transport model to simulate the annual PM2.5 concentrations. We then use IMED|HEL, which is a health assessment model, to estimate the health impacts and economic cost of PM2.5 pollution in each country. Results show China’s mitigation has significant impact on both air quality and health improvement in eastern China and eastern Asia, a little bit impact in the rest of Asia. The improved air quality could avoid 0.37 million premature deaths due to ambient PM2.5 exposure by 2050s globally, with the majority happening in China. We use the willingness to pay method to estimate the economic benefits from the improved air quailty, and find that the reduced ambient PM2.5 concentration could avoid $406 billion and $1206 billion economic costs by 2030s and 2050s globally, with China the largest fraction of 98.5% ($400 billion) and 99.5% ($1200 billion), respectively. The reduced ambient PM2.5 exposure can also avoid 11.3 million cases morbidity globally by 2050s, due to asthma attacks and hospital admissions. Our study shows most of the economic benefits from air quality improvement due to China’s mitigation happens in China, followed by the eastern Asia (such as South Korea and Japan) and the rest of Asia. Health improvement is the main fraction of the potential benefits, such as saving health expenditure, increasing the work time.

Quantifying the Health Benefits of Urban Climate Mitigation Actions: Current State of the Epidemiological Evidence and Application in Health Impact Assessments

“…For example, previous studies have assessed the health benefits of global GHG and short-lived climate pollutant reductions through idealized scenarios (Anenberg et al, 2012;Shindell et al, 2012;West et al, 2013;Harmsen et al, 2020;Vandyck et al, 2020) and via nationally determined contributions to the Paris Agreement (Markandya et al, 2018;Sampedro, 2020). Recent studies have also assessed air quality and health benefits of GHG mitigation at national (Xie et al, 2020;Yang et al, 2021), state (Wang et al, 2020), and city scales (Johnson et al, 2020). These studies often find that the global health benefits exceed mitigation costs, though results are more nuanced at national or regional scales (Markandya and Sampedro, 2020).…”

Indoor PM2.5 Mortality in China when Outdoor Air Meets 2021 WHO AQG

“…We estimated the economic losses due to DAHP in Chinese urban areas in 2019 and when outdoor meet the WHO AQG 2021. The value of statistical life (VSL) for mortality is widely used to convert the health effect of air pollution from premature deaths into monetary value [22][23][24][25] . The VSLs vary with cities and social-economic factors.…”

Impact of the Electric Vehicle Policies on Environment and Health in the Beijing–Tianjin–Hebei Region

“…Exposure to incremental PM 2.5 concentrations leads to several health endpoints. In this study, we adopted the linear concentration-response functions (CRF) from [33,39] to calculate the morbidity of several diseases, premature deaths, and work loss days. The linear function assumes the CRF is a constant and in the 95% confidence interval [40][41][42].…”