Health and Civil War in Rural Burundi

Bundervoet, Tom; Verwimp, Philip; Akresh, Richard

doi:10.1353/jhr.2009.0000

Cited by 201 publications

(144 citation statements)

References 5 publications

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“…Households where the husband died in the 1993-2002 period had significantly more livestock than households where the husband was alive at the time of the survey. Our findings are not at odds with those of Bundervoet (2009). First, he also finds a higher level of pre-war livestock among households with members killed and second his finding was based on the observation that fathers who were killed had more educated children, while we are interested in the level of education of the deceased children, not of the fathers.…”

Section: Issues Of Concern To the Identification Strategy: Poverty Ssupporting

confidence: 41%

“…The findings in Bundervoet (2009) mean that the effect of violent conflict on schooling was not limited to children who are at school-age during the conflict, but also affected those children who already completed their primary education. Education in times of conflict in Burundi has proven to be a liability.…”

Section: Issues Of Concern To the Identification Strategy: Poverty Smentioning

confidence: 90%

“…The debate on the selectivity of violence in Burundi is ongoing. Recent empirical work (Bundervoet, 2009) on the one hand shows that parents of educated children were more likely to be killed in the 1993 massacre. On the other hand Voors et al (2010) show that the profile of migrants leaving conflict-affected areas is not much different from non-migrants, thereby reducing the potential bias based on survey data collected in those villages after the civil war.…”

Section: Issues Of Concern To the Identification Strategy: Poverty Smentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Education in times of conflict in Burundi has proven to be a liability. Following Bundervoet (2009) this would mean that our non-affected cohort suffers survival bias in which the most educated cohort members are killed in 1993. This would also mean that on average this cohort was more educated than we infer from the survivors in the 2002 survey.…”

Section: Issues Of Concern To the Identification Strategy: Poverty Smentioning

confidence: 99%

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Schooling, Violent Conflict, and Gender in Burundi

Verwimp¹,

Bavel²

2013

The World Bank Economic Review

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Next to the taking of lives and the destruction of infrastructure, violent conflict also affects the long-term growth path of a country by its effect on human capital accumulation. This paper investigates the effect of exposure to violent conflict on the completion of primary schooling. We use a nationwide household survey that collected detailed education, migration, gender and wealth data and combine this with secondary sources on the location and timing of the conflict. Depending on specification we find that the odds to complete primary schooling for a child exposed to the violence declined by 40 to 50% compared to a non-exposed child. The schooling of boys from non-poor households is affected most by conflict, followed by boys and girls from poor households. The schooling of girls from nonpoor households is least affected. Forced displacement is found to be one of the channels through which the impact is felt. We perform robustness checks for our results. AbstractNext to the taking of lives and the destruction of infrastructure, violent conflict also affects the long-term growth path of a country by its effect on human capital accumulation. This paper investigates the effect of exposure to violent conflict on the completion of primary schooling. We use a nationwide household survey that collected detailed education, migration, gender and wealth data and combine this with secondary sources on the location and timing of the conflict. Depending on specification we find that the odds to complete primary schooling for a child exposed to the violence declined by 40 to 50% compared to a non-exposed child. The schooling of boys from non-poor households is affected most by conflict, followed by boys and girls from poor households. The schooling of girls from non-poor households is least affected. Forced displacement is found to be one of the channels through which the impact is felt. We perform robustness checks for our results.

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Section: Issues Of Concern To the Identification Strategy: Poverty Ssupporting

confidence: 41%

Section: Issues Of Concern To the Identification Strategy: Poverty Smentioning

confidence: 90%

Section: Issues Of Concern To the Identification Strategy: Poverty Smentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Issues Of Concern To the Identification Strategy: Poverty Smentioning

confidence: 99%

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Schooling, Violent Conflict, and Gender in Burundi

Verwimp¹,

Bavel²

2013

The World Bank Economic Review

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“…See Alderman et al (2006) for Zimbabwe, Bundervoet et al (2009) for Burundi, Akresh and Verwimp (2006), Akresh, Verwimp and Bundervoet (2007) and Akresh and de Walque (2008) for Rwanda and Guerrero-Serdán (2009) for Iraq.…”

Section: Literature Reviewmentioning

confidence: 99%

Education and Conflict Recovery: The Case of Timor Leste

Justino¹,

Leone²,

Salardi³

2011

Policy Research Working Papers

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A catalogue record for this publication is available from the British Library. All rights reserved. Reproduction, copy, transmission, or translation of any part of this publication may be made only under the following conditions:• with the prior permission of the publisher; or • with a licence from the Copyright Licensing Agency Ltd., 90 Tottenham Court Road, London W1P 9HE, UK, or from another national licensing agency; or • under the terms set out below.This publication is copyright, but may be reproduced by any method without fee for teaching or nonprofit purposes, but not for resale. Formal permission is required for all such uses, but normally will be granted immediately. For copying in any other circumstances, or for reuse in other publications, or for translation or adaptation, prior written permission must be obtained from the publisher and a fee may be payable. SummaryThe Timor Leste secession conflict lasted for 25 years. Its last wave of violence in 1999, following the withdrawal of Indonesian troops, generated massive displacement and destruction with widespread consequences for the economic and social development of the country. This paper analyses the impact of the conflict on the level and access to education of boys and girls in Timor Leste. We examine the short-term impact of the 1999 violence on school attendance and grade deficit rates in 2001, and the longer-term impact of the conflict on primary school completion of cohorts of children observed in 2007. We compare also the educational impact of the 1999 wave of violence with the impact of other periods of highintensity violence during the 25 years of Indonesian occupation. The short-term effects of the conflict are mixed. In the longer term, we find a strong negative impact of the conflict on primary school completion among boys of school age exposed to peaks of violence during the 25-year long conflict. The effect is stronger for boys attending the last three grades of primary school. This result shows a substantial loss of human capital among young males in Timor Leste since the early 1970s, resulting from household investment trade-offs between education and economic survival.

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Excess Child Mortality Associated With Colombia’s Armed Conflict, 1998-2019

Moe,

Villaveces,

Montoya

et al. 2024

JAMA Netw Open

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ImportanceArmed conflicts are directly and indirectly associated with morbidity and mortality due to destruction of health infrastructure and diversion of resources, forced displacement, environmental damage, and erosion of social and economic security. Colombia’s conflict began in the 1940s and has been uniquely long-lasting and geographically dynamic.ObjectiveTo estimate the proportion of infant and child mortality associated with armed conflict exposure from 1998 to 2019 in Colombia.Design, Setting, and ParticipantsThis ecological cohort study includes data from all 1122 municipalities in Colombia from 1998 to 2019. Statistical analysis was conducted from February 2022 to June 2023.ExposureArmed conflict exposure was measured dichotomously by the occurrence of conflict-related events in each municipality-year, enumerated and reported by the Colombian National Center for Historic Memory.Main Outcomes and MeasuresDeaths among children younger than 5 years and deaths among infants younger than 1 year, offset by the number of births in that municipality-year, enumerated by Colombia’s national vital statistics.ResultsThe analytical sample included 24 157 municipality-years and 223 101 conflict events covering the period from 1998 to 2019. Overall, the presence of armed conflict in a municipality was associated with a 52% increased risk of death for children younger than 5 years of age (relative risk, 1.52 [95% CI, 1.34-1.72]), with similar results for 1- and 5-year lagged analyses. Armed conflict was associated with a 61% increased risk in infant (aged &lt;1 year) death (relative risk, 1.61 [95% CI, 1.43-1.82]). On the absolute scale, this translates to a risk difference of 3.7 excess child deaths per 1000 births (95% CI, 2.7-4.7 per 1000 births) and 3.0 excess infant deaths per 1000 births (95% CI, 2.3-3.6 per 1000 births) per year, beyond what would be expected in the absence of armed conflict. Across the 22-year study period, the population attributable risk was 31.7% (95% CI, 23.5%-39.1%) for child deaths and 35.3% (95% CI, 27.8%-42.0%) for infant deaths.Conclusions and RelevanceThis ecological cohort study of Colombia’s spatiotemporally dynamic armed conflict suggests that municipal exposure to armed conflict was associated with excess child and infant deaths. With a record number of children living near active conflict zones in 2020, policy makers and health professionals should understand the magnitude of and manner in which armed conflicts directly and indirectly undermine child health.

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Health and Civil War in Rural Burundi

Cited by 201 publications

References 5 publications

Schooling, Violent Conflict, and Gender in Burundi

Schooling, Violent Conflict, and Gender in Burundi

Education and Conflict Recovery: The Case of Timor Leste

Excess Child Mortality Associated With Colombia’s Armed Conflict, 1998-2019

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