Healed fracture of the tibia in a bison (Bison menneri ) from the late Early Pleistocene site of Untermassfeld (Thuringia, Germany)

Bone lesions in a Late Pleistocene assemblage of the insular deer Candiacervus sp.II from Liko cave (Crete, Greece)

“…There are a few other reports of healed fractures in wild animals (Korschelt and Stock, 1928;Kierdorf et al, 2012), as well as osteoarthritic deer in areas with ecologically relevant predators (Wobeser and Runge, 1975a;Peterson et al, 2010). Peterson (1988) described a pronounced increase in the prevalence of osteoarthritis of the moose in Isle Royal National Park (Michigan, USA) during a period of 30 years, despite the presence of predators.…”

“…Metapodials most often are involved (Dass et al, 1985;Smith and Sherman, 2009). Finally, deer are territorial animals, with frequent male fighting that could lead to metapodal fractures (Kierdorf et al, 2012).…”

“…In the bone that we evaluated, the two main fragments may have been initially moved against each other and later became fixed, the process likely being associated with pronounced callus formation (Kierdorf et al, 2012). The alternative possibility of osteomyelitis is rejected, since the metacarpal specimen lacks signs of osteomyelitis, such as the presence of cloacae.…”

A preliminary review of bone and teeth abnormalities seen in recent Loxodonta and extinct Mammuthus and Mammut, and suggested implications

“…The traumatic fracturing in Loxodonta may result from torsion breaks when individuals move across rough ground and a leg is twisted, or from fighting and missteps during fights, or from heavy falls down hills or inclines (Douglas-Hamilton and Douglas-Hamilton, 1975), or from some other as-yet unknown events. Complete healing of the largest limb elements has been recorded for large terrestrial ungulates such as Pleistocene bison (Kierdorf et al, 2012) and modern cattle (Haynes unpubl. field notes, 1987), but apparently adult proboscideans rarely survive such major trauma.…”

Surviving in a predator-free environment: Hints from a bone remodelling process in a dwarf Pleistocene deer from Crete

“…Acosta Hospitaleche et al, 2012;Aufderheide and Conrado, 1998;Bartosiewicz, 2008;Bartosiewicz and Gal, 2013;Bell and Coria, 2013;Bishop, 2011;Bricknell, 1987;Brothwell, 2008;Buffetaut et al, 2007;De Boer et al, 2013;Duckler and Van Valkenburgh, 1998;Everhart, 2008;Fisk and Macho, 1992;Franklin, 2011;Johnson and Milburn, 1982;Jordana et al, 2011;Kallal et al, 2012;Kierdorf et al, 2012;Lingham-Soliar, 2004;Martin, 2013;Martin Sander, 1992;Moodie, 1917Moodie, , 1923Ortner, 2002;Rega et al, 2012;Rothschild and Martin, 1993;Salesa et al, 2014;Tanke and Rothschild, 2010;Tasnádi-Kubacska, 1962;Telldahl, 2012a,b;Vann and Thomas, 2006;Wu and Schepartz, 2009).…”