“…From a transit agency's perspective, having an unreliable and/or slow PT system negatively impacts ridership and operational costs (Hu & Shalaby, 2017; Perk, Flynn, & Volinski, 2008; Polus, 1978). This can lead to a negative feedback loop for PT systems by forcing passengers to seek alternatives, usually personal vehicles, which increase the number of cars on the road and exacerbates traffic congestion, further reducing the reliability of PT services (Arriagada, Gschwender, Munizaga, & Trépanier, 2019; Figliozzi, Feng, Lafferriere, & Feng, 2012; Tirachini, Godachevich, Cats, Muñoz, & Soza‐Parra, 2021). Additionally, poor reliability often leads to bus bunching (i.e., little to no gap between consecutive buses), excessive travel time, and passenger overcrowding in vehicles (Hu & Shalaby, 2017).…”