Headspace sampling and gas chromatographic-mass spectrometric determination of amphetamine and methamphetamine in betel

Wang, Sheng-Meng; Ling, Yong‐Chien; Tsai, Li-Chin; Giang, Yun-Seng

doi:10.1016/0021-9673(95)00620-3

Cited by 8 publications

(1 citation statement)

References 12 publications

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“…Not only in Indonesia, areca nut is also usually used in betel chewing common among the Indians and Malays as a breath freshener, digestive aid, worm expellant, aphrodisiac, and to maintain stamina [1]. It is claimed to possess effects such as euphoria, cooling, cold protection, a sense of well-being, palpitation, heightened alertness, and resistance to anger [1,2]. The seeds contain sugar (50-60%), lipid (12.84-15%), polyphenol (15%), alkaloid (0.2-0.5%), and dan carbohydrate (19.13%) [3].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Acute Dermal Toxicity Study of Areca Catechu Linn. Extract in Sprague-Dawley Rats

Sari

Suyatna²,

Subita³

et al. 2016

Asian J Pharm Clin Res

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Objective: Areca catechu Linn. or biji pinang is one of the most widely used psychoactive substance with several hundred million users worldwide, predominantly in Southern Asia. However, details of the dermal toxicity of A. catechu L. are still undiscovered. The objective of this study is to investigate the in vivo acute dermal toxicity of aqueous extract of A. catechu L. at dose 15,000 mg/kg body weight in Sprague-Dawley rats. Methods:The acute dermal toxicity of A. catechu L. nut extract was investigated in rats, as per OECD Guidelines 402 for acute toxicity protocols. The body weight, possibility of death, general signs, and behavior activity parameters were measured for 14 days to ascertain the median lethal dose (LD50) of the extract. At the end of the study, all the animals in all the treated group were sacrificed. Results:The LD50 was found to be >15,000 mg/kg body weight. There was significant weight increase (p<0.05) in treated group when compared to control group. No mortality was observed during whole 14 days study period. A single dose of 15,000 mg/kg of body weight did not produce treatment-related signs of toxicity in any of animal tested. Conclusion:A single dermal dose to A. catechu L. aqueous extract had no toxic effects on mortality, clinical signs, body weight changes, and gross findings in female rats at a dose of 15,000 mg/kg of body weight. Subsequently, the concentrate can be employed for pharmaceuticals nutrient plants.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Acute Dermal Toxicity Study of Areca Catechu Linn. Extract in Sprague-Dawley Rats

Sari

Suyatna²,

Subita³

et al. 2016

Asian J Pharm Clin Res

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Influences of Seven Taiwan‐Produced Adulterants on Gas Chromatographic‐Mass Spectrometric (GC‐MS) Urinalysis of Amphetamines

Chou¹,

Ling²,

Yang³

et al. 2008

J Chinese Chemical Soc

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This study was conducted to better understand the influences exerted by seven Taiwan‐produced adulterants on the forensic gas chromatographic‐mass spectrometric (GC‐MS) confirmatory urinalysis of amphetamines. The results verified that, when added at 5‐15% (w/w), chlorine bleach would lower the GC‐MS outcomes of the spiked and case specimens by 36‐63%, and was most likely to cause false negatives. Liquid soap, potassium dichromate, soda water for drinking, and tap water would decrease the GC‐MS outcomes by 9‐29%, 8‐20%, 8‐20%, and 5‐16%, respectively, and also had the risk of negating near‐cutoff initial positives into false confirmatory negatives. The negative‐directing effects were mostly due to degradation of analytes and/or deactivation of the derivatizing agent by oxidizing adulterants and/or dilution of analytes by the added liquid. Alum and table salt added as powder had little impact on the test. Responsible institutions and relevant laboratories should face the facts seriously and include the specimen validity testing (SVT) battery in the routine drug testing procedures.

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The role of self-protonation under direct GC-MS determination of amphetamine hydrochloride

2001

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SummaryWe studied the possibility of direct GC-MS determination of amphetamine hydrochloride. In order to avoid the double peak we determined the optimal injector temperature (260 ~ and heating rate (40 ~ min-1). In the direct analysis of amphetamine hydrochloride containing samples, calibration for fragment m/z = 59 (originating from amphetaminium ion fragmentation; the calibrating agent is amphetamine hydrochloride) gave better results than calibration for m/z = 44 (derived from both free amphetamine and amphetaminium ion; calibration agents were amphetamine or amphetamine hydrochloride). We also compared the mass spectra of amphetamine and amphetamine hydrochloride taken by ion-trap GC-MS. The fragmentation pathway of the amphetamine and amphetaminium ion was different. The main fragmentation path was cleavage of the C-C bond at benzyl position for the free base or between the phenyl group and the aliphatic moiety, in the case of free base and amphetaminium ion, respectively

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Headspace sampling and gas chromatographic-mass spectrometric determination of amphetamine and methamphetamine in betel

Cited by 8 publications

References 12 publications

Acute Dermal Toxicity Study of Areca Catechu Linn. Extract in Sprague-Dawley Rats

Acute Dermal Toxicity Study of Areca Catechu Linn. Extract in Sprague-Dawley Rats

Influences of Seven Taiwan‐Produced Adulterants on Gas Chromatographic‐Mass Spectrometric (GC‐MS) Urinalysis of Amphetamines

The role of self-protonation under direct GC-MS determination of amphetamine hydrochloride

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