Head Impact Contact Points for Restrained Child Occupants

Arbogast, Kristy B.; Wozniak, Samantha L; Locey, Caitlin M.; Maltese, Matthew R.; Zonfrillo, Mark R.

doi:10.1080/15389588.2011.642834

Cited by 25 publications

(7 citation statements)

References 12 publications

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“…Both Study I and Study III highlighted the importance of protecting the head from contact with the side interior. Contact with the side interior of the vehicle, including door, window and B-pillar was identified (Study III) and those findings have been confirmed in other studies (Arbogast et al 2012b;Maltese et al 2007;Viano and Parenteau 2008b). High-back BPBs currently on the market have pronounced side wings and are often marketed as providing side impact protection, yet the theoretical side impact benefit of high-back BPBs have not been realized in field data (Arbogast et al 2005) or laboratory testing (Bohman and Sunnevang 2012).…”

Section: Built-in Designsupporting

confidence: 76%

“…In the retrospective in-depth case study (Study III) of restrained children (4-12) sustaining AIS2+ head injuries in frontal impacts, three injury causation scenarios were identified including head contact with the seat back in front of the occupant, head contact with side interior, and no evidence of head contact. Arbogast et al (2012b) also identified head contact with the seat back in front of the occupant and B-pillar contact as the majority of contact points to restrained, rear-seated children (0-15) with AIS2+ head injuries. In Study III, there was a single case in which the head injury was due to head contact with an unstrapped object.…”

Section: Head Injury Causation In Frontal Impactsmentioning

confidence: 96%

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Head Injury Causation Scenarios for Belted, Rear-Seated Children in Frontal Impacts

Bohman

Arbogast

Boström

2011

Traffic Injury Prevention

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Head injuries with seatback or side interior contact typically included a PDOF greater than 10 degree (similar to the Insurance Institute for Highway Safety [IIHS] and EuroNCAP offset frontal testing) and vehicle maneuvers. For seatback contact, the vehicle's movements contributed to occupant kinematics inboard the vehicle, causing a less than optimal restraint of the torso and/or torso roll out of the shoulder belt. For side interior contact, the PDOF and/or maneuvers forced the occupant toward the side interior. The cases without evidence of head/face contact were characterized by high crash severity and accompanied by severe injuries to the thorax and spine. These data lead to increased understanding of the injury patterns and causation in this crash restraint scenario so that interventions to mitigate the burden of injury can be advanced.

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Section: Built-in Designsupporting

confidence: 76%

Section: Head Injury Causation In Frontal Impactsmentioning

confidence: 96%

Head Injury Causation Scenarios for Belted, Rear-Seated Children in Frontal Impacts

Bohman

Arbogast

Boström

2011

Traffic Injury Prevention

Self Cite

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“…Known risk factors associated with injury-related infant mortality include unhealthy behaviors associated with financial hardship, parental/caregiver behavior, and birth order. [11–14] A study based on California’s metropolitan areas showed an increase in the unemployment rate of 1% was associated with an increase of 8% in the unintentional injury-related infant mortality rate. [12] Parental behaviors, such as inappropriate child car-seat placement, are associated with increased risk of unintentional injury-related infant mortality in the U.S.[12] Similarly, caregiver behavior, such as non-adherence to infant injury prevention recommendations (e.g., not having infants sleep in the prone position or leaving an infant unattended on a raised surface), is associated with elevated risk.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Maternal characteristics associated with injury-related infant death in West Virginia, 2010-2014

2019

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Although injury-related deaths have been documented among children and adult populations, insufficient attention has been directed towards injury-related infant deaths. The objective of this retrospective study was to investigate maternal and infant characteristics associated with injury-related infant deaths in West Virginia. Birth and infant mortality data for 2010–2014 were sourced from the West Virginia Bureau for Public Health, Charleston. Relative risk was calculated using log-binomial regression utilizing generalized estimating equations. Maternal characteristics associated with injury-related infant mortality in West Virginia were race/ethnicity ( = 7.48, p = .03), and smoking during pregnancy ( , p < .00). Risk of a Black Non-Hispanic infant suffering an injury-related death was 4.0 (95% CL 1.7, 9.3) times that of infants of other races/ethnicities. Risk of an infant dying from an injury-related cause, if the mother smoked during pregnancy, was 2.9 (95% CL 1.6, 5.0) times the risk of such a death if maternal smoking status during pregnancy is unknown or no smoking, controlling for race/ethnicity. This study provides important information to public health stakeholders at both the state and local levels in designing interventions for partial reduction or prevention of injury-related infant mortality in West Virginia.

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“…The rationale for this dissertation research was the high incidence of pediatric head injuries in the field despite that the current regulation (FMVSS 213) limits the forward excursion of the dummy head in the assessment of child restraint systems (Arbogast et al, 2002;Adekoya et al, 2002;Thompson and Irby, 2003;Arbogast et al, 2012). This fact motivated that special attention was paid to the prediction provided by scaling technologies to the peak forward excursion of the head and thoracic vertebrae.…”

Section: Comparison Between the Different Methods Predicting The Kinementioning

confidence: 99%

“…The out-of-plane motion was attributed to the asymmetry of the shoulder belt, causing the occupant to rotate. This phenomenon is worth of further study since the analysis of head impact contact points in Arbogast et al (2012) pointed out that, even for properly restrained children in frontal collisions (principal direction of force 11 to 1 o'clock), there is an important lateral component to the motion of the head.…”

Section: Motion Out Of the Sagittal Planementioning

confidence: 99%

Mechanics of the Pediatric Thoracic Spine and its Role in the Kinematics of the Head in Automotive Frontal Impacts

Valdes

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A María y a Blanca.A mis padres. AbstractRoad traffic injuries are the second leading cause of death among 5-14 year-olds. Traumatic brain injuries are the most common severe injuries sustained by pediatric occupants and responsible for one third of all pediatric injury deaths. Literature shows that current pediatric Anthropomorphic Test Devices, and more specifically the Hybrid III 6-year-old (6YO), fail to predict the kinematics of the pediatric head and spine.The goal of this dissertation research is to provide corridors for the trajectories of the head and thoracic spine of a 6YO occupant in a 40 km/h frontal impact. The challenge is the absence of experimental data that can guide the development of these corridors at this speed.To overcome the dearth of pediatric kinematic data in high-speed impacts, four different data sources were combined: pediatric and adult volunteers test at 9 km/h, cadaveric tests at 9 km/h and 40 km/h, animal surrogate tests at 9 km/h and 40 km/h and in vitro bending tests of sections of the pediatric and adult thoracic spine. The results from the 9 km/h volunteer tests showed that conventional methods that scale between pediatric and adult subjects underpredicted the forward excursion of the pediatric head by 42% (SAE method) and 49% (mass scaling). Two new methods predicting the displacement of pediatric occupants were developed within this dissertation. The first one assumed conservation of energy and underpredicted the excursion of the head by 29%. The second one was based on the use of a linear timeinvariant 2D model of the occupant. The values of the effective stiffness and damping joint parameters were obtained to minimize the error between the model and the observed pediatric displacements at 9 km/h.A quasilinear viscoelastic characterization of the bending behavior of the pediatric thoracic spine was used to relate the stiffness of the upper and middle thoracic spine regions and to reduce the number of unknown joint properties in the model. The model overpredicted the forward displacement of the head (5% error) and T1 (6% error). This model was then used to predict the trajectories of a 6YO in a 40 km/h frontal impact.The assumptions made regarding the time-invariant characteristic of the model as well as the loading environment at 40 km/h were checked against the animal-surrogate and cadaveric tests. The predictions of the sagittal trajectories of the pediatric head, T1 and T8 obtained from the simulation of the model were combined to produce corridors. The limitations of the method are discussed in the dissertation.

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Head Impact Contact Points for Restrained Child Occupants

Cited by 25 publications

References 12 publications

Head Injury Causation Scenarios for Belted, Rear-Seated Children in Frontal Impacts

Head Injury Causation Scenarios for Belted, Rear-Seated Children in Frontal Impacts

Maternal characteristics associated with injury-related infant death in West Virginia, 2010-2014

Mechanics of the Pediatric Thoracic Spine and its Role in the Kinematics of the Head in Automotive Frontal Impacts

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