Head Injury Causation Scenarios for Belted, Rear-Seated Children in Frontal Impacts

Bohman, Katarina; Arbogast, Kristy B.; Boström, Ola

doi:10.1080/15389588.2010.526159

Cited by 37 publications

(7 citation statements)

References 94 publications

(131 reference statements)

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“…Previous studies are limited to specific body regions or age groups, such as head injuries in children (n=27),13 thoracic injury (n=20)14 and abdominal injury 16. This study is the first to investigate injury sources and mechanisms across all body regions for rear seat occupants.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Brown and Bilston12 demonstrated an age-dependence in the distribution of injuries, with older occupants more likely to sustain thoracic injuries and less likely to sustain abdominal injuries compared with younger occupants, however, specific injury sources or mechanisms could not be determined. Only three existing studies present sources and mechanisms of injury to rear seat occupants, however, these examine only subsets of injuries to the head,13 thorax14 and abdomen,15 and thus do not provide a comprehensive picture of the sources and mechanisms of injury required to identify means to prevent and ameliorate injury among rear seat occupants.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Injury patterns of rear seat occupants in frontal impact: an in-depth crash investigation study

2015

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Injury patterns of rear seat occupants in frontal impact: an in-depth crash investigation study

2015

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“…Bohman et al (2011a) identified head-to-front seat back impact as a predominant cause of injury for rear-seated, seat belt-restrained children aged 3 to 13 years, who had sustained AIS2+ (Abbreviated Injury Scale; an injury severity minimum of 2 [moderate injury] and higher) head injuries in frontal impacts. The study highlighted vehicle maneuvers, prior to impact, as a contributing factor for such head injuries.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Kinematics of Child Volunteers and Child Anthropomorphic Test Devices During Emergency Braking Events in Real Car Environment

Stockman

Bohman

Jakobsson

et al. 2013

Traffic Injury Prevention

Self Cite

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Objectives:The objective of this study was to present, compare, and discuss the kinematic response of children and child anthropomorphic test devices (ATDs) during emergency braking events in different restraint configurations in a passenger vehicle.Methods: A driving study was conducted on a closed-circuit test track comprising 16 children aged 4 to 12 years old and the Q3, Hybrid III (HIII) 3-year-old, 6-year-old, and 10-year-old ATDs restrained on the right rear seat of a modern passenger vehicle. The children were exposed to one braking event in each of the 2 restraint systems and the ATDs were exposed to 2 braking events in each restraint system. All events had a deceleration of 1.0 g. Short children (stature 107-123 cm) and the Q3, HIII 3-year-old, and 6-year-old were restrained on booster cushions as well as high-back booster seats. Tall children (stature 135-150 cm) and HIII 10-year-old were restrained on booster cushions or restrained by 3-point belts directly on the car seat. Vehicle data were collected and synchronized with video data. Forward trajectories for the forehead and external auditory canal (ear) were determined as well as head rotation and shoulder belt force.Results: A total of 40 trials were analyzed. Child volunteers had greater maximum forward displacement of the head and greater head rotation compared to the ATDs. The average maximum displacement for children ranged from 165 to 210 mm and 155 to 195 mm for the forehead and ear target, respectively. Corresponding values for the ATDs were 55 to 165 mm and 50 to 160 mm. The change in head angle was greater for short children than for tall children. Shoulder belt force was within the same range for short children when restrained on booster cushions or high-back booster seats. For tall children, the shoulder belt force was greater when restrained on booster cushions compared to being restrained by seat belts directly on the car seat.Conclusions: The forward displacement was within the same range for all children regardless of stature and restraint system. However, the maximum forward position depended on the initial seated posture and shoulder belt position on the shoulder. Differences could also be seen in the curvature of the neck and spine. Short children exhibited a greater flexion motion of the head, whereas a more upright posture at maximum forward position was exhibited by the tall children. The ATDs displayed less forward displacement compared to the children.

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“…Only broad categories of IPCs have been implicated in ICSs, which removes a certain degree of predictive value for these structure. 39 Finally, there may be additional factors that contribute to the volume of the SDH and morbidity/mortality associated with the crash. Patients with underlying disease processes or trauma to multiple body regions may have increased risk of shock, injury severity, and death.…”

Section: Limitationsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Motor Vehicle Crash-Related Subdural Hematoma from Real-World Head Impact Data

Urban

Whitlow

Edgerton

et al. 2012

Journal of Neurotrauma

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Approximately 1,700,000 people sustain a traumatic brain injury (TBI) each year and motor vehicle crashes (MVCs) are a leading cause of hospitalization from TBI. Acute subdural hematoma (SDH) is a common intracranial injury that occurs in MVCs associated with high mortality and morbidity rates. In this study, SDH volume and midline shift have been analyzed in order to better understand occupant injury by correlating them to crash and occupant parameters. Fifty-seven head computed tomography (CT) scans were selected from the Crash Injury Research Engineering Network (CIREN) with Abbreviated Injury Scale (AIS) level 3 + SDH. Semi-automated methods were used to isolate the intracranial volume. SDH and additional occupant intracranial injuries were segmented across axial CT images, providing a total SDH injury volume. SDH volume was correlated to crash parameters and occupant characteristics. Results show a positive correlation between SDH volume and crash severity in near-side and frontal crashes. Additionally, the location of the resulting hemorrhage varied by crash type. Those with greater SDH volumes had significantly lower Glasgow Coma Scale (GCS) scores at the crash site in near-side crashes. Age and fracture type were found to be significant contributors to SDH volume. This study is a volumetric analysis of real world brain injuries and known MVC impacts. The results of this study demonstrate a relationship among SDH volume, crash mechanics, and occupant characteristics that provide a better understanding of the injury mechanisms of MVC-associated TBI.

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Head Injury Causation Scenarios for Belted, Rear-Seated Children in Frontal Impacts

Cited by 37 publications

References 94 publications

Injury patterns of rear seat occupants in frontal impact: an in-depth crash investigation study

Injury patterns of rear seat occupants in frontal impact: an in-depth crash investigation study

Kinematics of Child Volunteers and Child Anthropomorphic Test Devices During Emergency Braking Events in Real Car Environment

Motor Vehicle Crash-Related Subdural Hematoma from Real-World Head Impact Data

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