HDL-Related Mechanisms of Olive Oil Protection in Cardiovascular Disease

Abstract

The low incidence of cardiovascular disease in countries bordering the Mediterranean basin, where olive oil is the main source of dietary fat, and the negative association between this disease with high density lipoproteins has stimulated interest. This review summarizes the current knowledge gathered from human and animal studies regarding olive oil and high density lipoproteins. Cumulative evidence suggests that high density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol, and its main apolipoprotein A1, may be increased by consuming olive oil when compared with carbohydrate and low fat diets in humans. Conflicting results have been found in many studies when olive oil diets were compared with other sources of fat. The role of virgin olive oil minor components on its protective effect has been demonstrated by a growing number of studies although its exact mechanism remains to be elucidated. Dietary amount of olive oil, use of virgin olive oil, cholesterol intake, and physiopathological states such as genetic background, sex, age, obesity or fatty liver are variables that may offset those effects. Further studies in this field in humans and in animal models are warranted due to the complexity of HDL particles.

Chemical Characterization of Oils and Fats from Amazonian Fruits by ¹H NMR

“…The benefits of oleic acid are reported to be associated to synergy with other components obtained from the diet when there is frequent consumption of olive oil (rich in oleic acid), fish (rich in linolenic acid) and red wine (or olives) (rich in polyphenols) [16,17]. In addition, a great highlight is given to the presence of oleic acid in the diet, as it has been associated to beneficial effects on cancer [18], autoimmune [18] and rheumatic diseases [19], anti-inflammatory [20], beneficial effects on diabetes mellitus [21], reduction of coronary heart disease [16], among others.…”

“…In addition, a great highlight is given to the presence of oleic acid in the diet, as it has been associated to beneficial effects on cancer [18], autoimmune [18] and rheumatic diseases [19], anti-inflammatory [20], beneficial effects on diabetes mellitus [21], reduction of coronary heart disease [16], among others. Lipidic macromolecules can be fragmented by the action of bile and pancreatic secretions, entering into the bloodstream [22] Signals for linoleic acid [15], a polyunsaturated fatty acid (ω6) were detected in the 1 H NMR spectra obtained for the Amazonian oils ( Figure 2 and S1-S10).…”

Parámetros bioquímicos básicos, hematológicos y hormonales para el control de la salud y el estado nutricional en los deportistas

“…El ejercicio físico de carácter aeróbico induce a aumentar ligeramente los niveles de colesterol HDL 26 , al igual que sucede con la ingesta de grasas monoinsaturadas (aceite de oliva, frutos secos como las almendras, etc.) 27 . De la misma manera, esta protección arterial aumenta con el número de sesiones semanales de ejercicio y cesa a los 4 días, una vez abandonada la actividad física 26 .…”

Sphingomyelin in High-Density Lipoproteins: Structural Role and Biological Function

“…A current model of nascent or newly secreted HDL proposes that they are formed by a bilayer of phospholipids surrounded by four apolipoprotein molecules. Considering the number of apolipoproteins and the limitation per particle, the range of particles is wide (Table 1) [2]. These particles incorporate cholesteryl esters into their interior, forming their hydrophobic core through the action of LCAT, which transfers a fatty acid moiety from phosphatidylcholine (PC) to cholesterol and forms cholesteryl ester.…”

“…The exact role of HDL in atheroprotection is not yet well understood, in part due to the existence of different lipoparticles (Table 1) that vary in size, composition and function [2]. Furthermore, oxidative modification of these particles at the lipid [6,7] or protein level [8] increases the heterogeneity and renders them dysfunctional and pro-atherosclerotic [9].…”