Hazard evaluation of hydrogen–air deflagration with flame propagation velocity measurement by image velocimetry using brightness subtraction

Ignition of hydrogen jet fires from high pressure storage

“…The brightness subtraction to achieve difference images is of a similar sensitivity which combines images from a pixel per pixel subtraction of neighboured or reference frames [33]. It is also possible to generate vector fields from the areas which are generated by the differences in the images occurring between the two involved images.…”

The flame deflagration of hybrid methane coal dusts in a large-scale detonation tube (LSDT)

“…Flame intensities signal of a 7.5% methane concentration with different coal dust concentrationsThe destructive force of an explosion propagates in pipes depending on the over pressure rise and the impulse generated from the flame deflagration[58].A detailed record of methane flame deflagration velocities are not only required to determine pressure impulses and explosion developments, but also to design an effective flame mitigation system. The flame velocity helps to estimate the distance and time required between the flame detectors and the location where the flame mitigation acts.…”

Influences of the Initial Ignition Energy on Methane Explosion in a Flame Deflagration Tube

“…The characteristics of the pressure waves discussed previously (see Section 3.2), are mainly dependent on how fast the flame deflagrates in the FDT 46,47 . Hence, the consequences of explosions in pipes depend on the velocity of the flame deflagration 45,48 .…”