Hawaiian lava flows in the third dimension: Identification and interpretation of pahoehoe and ′a′a distribution in the KP‐1 and SOH‐4 cores

Abstract

[1] Hawaiian lava flows are classified as pahoehoe or`a`a by their surface morphology. As surface morphology reflects flow emplacement conditions, the surface distribution of morphologic flow types has been used to study the evolution and eruptive history of basaltic volcanoes. We extend this analysis to the third dimension by determining the distribution of flow types in two deep drill cores, the Scientific Observation Hole-4 (SOH-4) core, drilled near Kilauea's East Rift Zone (ERZ), and the pilot hole (Kahi Puka-1 (KP-1)) for the Hawaiian Scientific Drilling Project (HSDP), drilled through distal flows from Mauna Loa and Mauna Kea. Flows are classified using both internal structures and groundmass textures, with the latter useful when identification based on mesoscopic flow features (e.g., surface morphology and vesicle content and distribution) is ambiguous. We then examine the temporal distribution of pahoehoe and`a`a flows in proximal (SOH-4) and distal (KP-1) settings. Sequence analysis shows that the two flow types are not randomly distributed in either core but instead are strongly clustered. The proximal SOH-4 core is dominated by thin pahoehoe flows ($60% by volume), consistent with the common occurrence of surface-fed pahoehoe flows in near-vent settings. The distal KP-1 core has a high proportion of`a`a ($58% by volume), although the proportion of pahoehoe and`a`a varies dramatically throughout the Mauna Kea sequence. Thick inflated pahoehoe flows dominate when the drill site was near sea level, consistent with the numerous inflated pahoehoe fields on the current coastal plains of Kilauea and Mauna Loa.`A`a flows are abundant when the site was far above sea level. As slope increases from the coastal plains to Mauna Kea's flank, this correlation may reflect the combined effect of long transport distances and increased slopes on flow emplacement. These results demonstrate that flow type and thickness variations in cores provide valuable information about both vent location and local site environment. Observed variations in flow type within the KP-1 core raise interesting questions about feedback between volcano evolution and flow morphology and suggest that flow type is an important variable in models of volcano growth and related models for lava flow hazard assessment.

Shear rate dependence of the pāhoehoe-to-‘a‘ā transition: Analog experiments

“…We extend this analogy by noting that regime boundaries in Figure 4A have the same general form as the transition boundary on a plot of effective viscosity vs. shear rate (Peterson and Tilling, 1980;Kilburn, 1981Kilburn, , 1990Hon et al, 2003), although our regime bound-aries are defined by particle concentration () rather than apparent viscosity ( a ). Moreover, the range of shear rate (0.1 Յ Յ 3.6 s Ϫ1 ) ␥ and particle concentration (0.15 Յ Յ 0.4) that we investigated is similar to that reported for Hawaiian lava flows (0.1 Յ Յ 5 s Ϫ1 ; ␥ Յ 0.5; Lipman and Banks, 1987;Cashman et al, 1999;Katz and Cashman, 2003;Soule et al, 2004). Furthermore, these studies suggest that smooth pāhoehoe flow surfaces form only for Ͻ 0.2, consistent with the experimentally defined limit to laminar flow behavior.…”

Understanding volcanic facies in the subsurface: a combined core, wireline logging and image log data set from the PTA2 and KMA1 boreholes, Big Island, Hawai`i

“…In more recent years, offshore exploration for hydrocarbons in many of the world's rifted margins has also increased the number of data and studies relating to downhole measurements through volcanic successions (e.g., Nelson et al, 2009Nelson et al, , 2015Andersen et al, 2009;Watton et al, 2014a;Millett et al, 2015;Fornero et al, 2018). In more direct relevance to this study, findings associated with drilling operations on Hawai'i including the over 3 km deep HSDP2 borehole have also led to significant advances in the identification and interpretation of volcanic rocks in the subsurface (e.g., Katz and Cashman, 2003;Garcia et al, 2007). Despite the many advances in volcanic borehole analysis, many challenges still remain.…”

Insights Into Pāhoehoe Lava Emplacement Using Visible and Thermal Structure‐From‐Motion Photogrammetry

“…The surface morphology of pāhoehoe flows is a consequence of the combined effects of effusion rates, cooling rates, and the underlying topography (Gregg, 2017;Gregg & Keszthelyi, 2004;Katz & Cashman, 2003;Rader et al, 2017;Rumpf et al, 2018). Hon et al (1994) introduced two breakout morphologies.…”