Hate Crimes on Trial: Judgments about Violent Crime against Gay Men

Political Identity, Type of Victim, and Hate Crime‐Related Beliefs as Predictors of Views Concerning Hate Crime Penalty Enhancement Laws

“…One of four common oppositions to hate crime laws is partially characterized by lack of support for protecting various minority groups (e.g., individuals with disabilities, transgender persons) (Cabeldue et al, in press). Similarly, perpetrators of hate crimes committed against LGB victims are punished more severely and blamed more than other types of offenders (e.g., Cramer, Chandler, & Wakeman, 2010;Cramer, Wakeman, Chandler, Mohr, & Griffin, 2013). Similarly, perpetrators of hate crimes committed against LGB victims are punished more severely and blamed more than other types of offenders (e.g., Cramer, Chandler, & Wakeman, 2010;Cramer, Wakeman, Chandler, Mohr, & Griffin, 2013).…”

“…In the context of race, jurors recommend harsher sentences for a crime committed by a Caucasian against an African American than when the same crime is committed by an African American against a Caucasian (Saucier, Hockett, & Wallenberg, 2008;Saucier, Hockett, Zanotti, & Heffel, 2010). Similarly, perpetrators of hate crimes committed against LGB victims are punished more severely and blamed more than other types of offenders (e.g., Cramer, Chandler, & Wakeman, 2010;Cramer, Wakeman, Chandler, Mohr, & Griffin, 2013). In fact, Rayburn and Davison (2002) analyzed articulated thoughts from students who heard either a sexual orientationbased hate crime or a comparable nonhate crime.…”

“…Jacobs and Potter () reasoned that hate crime offenders are viewed as more culpable due to the severe impact on the victims, members of the victim's minority group, and society as a whole. Indeed, jurors tend to attribute more blame and punishment in bias‐motivated cases (e.g., Cramer, Chandler, & Wakeman, ; Cramer et al., ; Plumm, Terrance, Henderson, & Ellingson, ). Extant literature does not satisfactorily outline how these qualitative codes may interact with other, more traditional predictors of hate crime views.…”

Confronting Wartime Sexual Violence: Public Support for Survivors in Bosnia

“…What is less clear is the social disruption caused by sexual violence during war. A growing body of research suggests that public messaging concerning ethnically/racially motivated violence elicits sympathy for survivors, which may help survivors and their advocates gain awareness and opportunities for agency and restored self-efficacy (Lyons 2006;Saucier et al 2010;Cramer 2013).…”

“…What is less clear is the social disruption caused by sexual violence during war. A growing body of research suggests that public messaging concerning ethnically/racially motivated violence elicits sympathy for survivors, which may help survivors and their advocates gain awareness and opportunities for agency and restored self-efficacy (Lyons 2006; Saucier et al 2010; Cramer 2013). Media reports that confront wartime sexual violence, such as media coverage of international tribunals like the International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia (ICTY), often draw attention to perpetrators and their crimes, providing the public recognition that survivors and advocates need (Brkanic 2018).…”