Hate Crime Offenders: An Expanded Typology

McDevitt, Judith; Levin, Jonathan; Bennett, Sally

doi:10.1111/1540-4560.00262

Cited by 203 publications

(193 citation statements)

References 5 publications

(6 reference statements)

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“…In other words, it is uncommon for individuals to be registered as suspected co-offenders regarding hate crimes. This result is not in line with previous research (Levin and McDevitt 2002;Craig 2003;McDevitt et al 2003). Tiby found in a survey about homosexuals that several perpetrators were more common than lone perpetrators (Tiby 1999: 154).…”

Section: Persons Suspected For Hate Crimescontrasting

confidence: 88%

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Hate, Threats, and Violence. A Register Study of Persons Suspected of Hate Crime

Roxell

2011

jssccp

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Section: Persons Suspected For Hate Crimescontrasting

confidence: 88%

“…On the basis of register data, Levin and McDevitt have produced a typology of hate crime perpetrators (Levin and McDevitt 2002;McDevitt et al 2003). The data were drawn from the Boston police, where investigators have been trained to identify hate crimes.…”

Section: Roxell: Register Study Of Persons Suspected Of Hate Crimementioning

confidence: 99%

Hate, Threats, and Violence. A Register Study of Persons Suspected of Hate Crime

Roxell

2011

jssccp

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“…It is often in these areas where poor, socially excluded white communities live in close proximity to large Asian populations where there can often be very little interaction between these groups, and where mutual suspicion and hostility can develop (McDevitt et al, 2002;McGhee, 2008;Finney and Simpson, 2009). It is within such areas, where the tensions are stoked by agitation and aggression from the EDL, that the 'prospect of violence and communities tearing themselves apart is very real' (Lowles, 2009: 7).…”

Section: Young White and Angry: Understanding The English Defence Lementioning

confidence: 99%

Masculinity, Marginalization and Violence: A Case Study of the English Defence League

Treadwell¹,

Garland²

2011

British Journal of Criminology

107

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IntroductionOne of the most notable political developments of the last few years has been the rapid growth of a new street-based movement, the English Defence League (EDL). Emerging out of the fringes of the English domestic football hooligan scene in the early summer of 2009, the EDL's vocal opposition to what it calls 'militant Islam' appears to have garnered considerable support from marginalised and disadvantaged white working-class communities (Copsey, 2010).The motivations of perpetrators of racially motivated hate crime (especially those whose violence is undetected) have received perplexingly little academic scrutiny to date (Chakraborti and Garland, 2009). This article is a first attempt at presenting material gained from accessing a group of young males who regularly use racially and religiously motivated violence. In doing this we employ three case studies, undertaken with male EDL supporters from working class backgrounds, and examine how they construct a specific form and style of violent masculinity. In all three cases we suggest that acute feelings of marginalisation and disadvantage prompt internalised negative emotions of disillusion and anger, which then manifest themselves through externalised hostility, resentment and fury directed at the scapegoat for their ills: the Islamic 'other'.By making such an argument, we place ourselves alongside an emergent critical and psychosocial criminological perspective. In examining how violence is fostered both psychologically and sociostructurally, we are keen to move away from the 'victimological perspective' which has dominated understanding of racially-and religiously-motivated violence and instead examine 'the characteristics of offenders, the social milieu in which [racial] violence is fostered, and the process by which it becomes directed against people from ethnic minorities ' (Bowling and Phillips, 2002: 14).We therefore align ourselves with other recent empirically informed criminological research which has sought to understand and explain how and why some men use violence, by recognising that:Men who carry with them the deeply ingrained visceral dispositions that are the products of socialization within micro-climates of insecurity, aggression and domination often come to value violence and place its enactment close to the centre of self-identity … the desire not to be dominated by another can become extremely potent (Winlow and Hall, 2009: 287-288).The three young men interviewed for this article have arguably internalised and accepted the potency of violence, and in particular that which is motivated by bias or prejudice. They were former 2 members of violent football firms to which the lead author gained access during his long-term ethnographic study of football disorder (Treadwell, 2008). They are now active members of the English Defence League and have all attended a number of street protests organised by the group.The empirical material presented here was gathered in the same authentic context that the violence occurs within, via ethnogra...

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“…From the perpetrators' perspective, violence is legitimate because they use it to protect themselves and "their" territory from the threat of outsiders (Green, Strolovitch, & Wong, 1998;McDevitt, Levin, & Bennett, 2003;Ray & Smith, 2001) by means of "private policing". Historical notions of race and belonging can thus be integrated with present-day apprehensions about the right to a certain territory.…”

Section: Theory and Previous Researchmentioning

confidence: 99%

When Colour Matters: Policing and Hate Crime

Wigerfelt

Kiiskinen

2014

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Contrary to the image of Sweden as a tolerant, colour-blind and non-racial country, which is based on the narrative of a country for instance associated with solidarity with the so-called Third World; in this article we argue that racial attributes, e.g. visible differences, account for people’s different life possibilities and circumstances in Swedish society. This article explores and discusses whether, and if so why, people who belong to the group that is categorised as “non-white”, with an emphasis on Afroswedes, and depicted as racially different, experience being targets of diverse variations of bias-based policing, harassment and hate crime. Theories relating to colonial stereotypes, racism, doing difference, the geography of hate, race/ethnicity profiling and intersectionality are used to analyse our material. Based on individual and focus group interviews with “non-whites”, this article discusses how visible differences are highlighted in different kinds of social contexts. The interview results show that people with dark skin are often targets of different kinds of private and public policing based on race- and ethnicity profiling that often occurs on or near borders/boundaries. When those who are targets of racial harassment and exclusion resist such treatment, e.g. by crossing borders/boundaries, they are at risk of becoming victims of hate crime.

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Hate Crime Offenders: An Expanded Typology

Cited by 203 publications

References 5 publications

Hate, Threats, and Violence. A Register Study of Persons Suspected of Hate Crime

Hate, Threats, and Violence. A Register Study of Persons Suspected of Hate Crime

Masculinity, Marginalization and Violence: A Case Study of the English Defence League

When Colour Matters: Policing and Hate Crime

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