Hate Crime

Grugan, Shannon T.

doi:10.1002/9781118517383.wbeccj037

The Encyclopedia of Criminology and Criminal Justice 2013

DOI: 10.1002/9781118517383.wbeccj037

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Hate Crime

Shannon T. Grugan¹

Abstract: A hate crime, or bias crime, is any criminal act in which the offender is motivated, in whole or in part, by social prejudice against a particular group. Victims are targeted based on their actual or perceived race, ethnicity, religion, gender, gender identity or expression, sexual orientation, or disability status.

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2020

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The Convergence Behind the Curtain

Habacivch

Redilla

Jozefowicz

2020

Applied Econometric Analysis

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This chapter extends applications of unconditional and conditional β-convergence and unconditional σ-convergence analysis to Part I crime rates in a panel data sample of Pennsylvania counties during the period 1990-2015. Temporal structural breaks at specific points in the business cycle during the time frame and spatial breakpoints between rural and urban counties in Pennsylvania are acknowledged in the analysis in order to avoid spurious inferences regarding convergence behavior. Unit-root testing is performed on measures of dispersion as well as directly on the underlying crime-rate series via panel-data tests for non-stationarity. The findings support the existence of both unconditional and conditional β-convergence in the pooled, urban, and rural samples during 1990-2015. Visual and statistical evidence reveals the presence of σ-convergence in the three samples across the time span as well. The comprehensive convergence analysis of appropriately disaggregated data performed in this study offers strong support for the predictions of modernization theory.

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The Convergence Behind the Curtain

Habacivch

Redilla

Jozefowicz

2020

Applied Econometric Analysis

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show abstract

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Hate Crime

Cited by 1 publication

References 3 publications

The Convergence Behind the Curtain

The Convergence Behind the Curtain

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