Abstract:Water molds are widespread in aquatic environments and are important causes of mortality in amphibian and fish eggs. We tested the ability of two species of North American anurans with different breeding phenologies ( Rana sylvatica LeConte, 1825 and Bufo americanus Holbrook, 1836) to alter their hatching timing in response to three indicators of environmental risk: infection with a water mold, exposure to simulated egg predation cues, or exposure to simulated larval predation cues. When infected with water mo… Show more
“…Here, it appears that spatial variability was probably driven not by latitude, but rather by other site-specific factors such as precipitation, soils, biotic interactions, human development, etc. (de Beurs & Henebry 2003;Touchon et al 2006;Franks et al 2007). Later spring phenologies in some locations may also be explained in part by species' inability to meet chilling requirements under warmer conditions, thereby delaying flower or leaf production (e.g.…”
As a consequence of warming temperatures around the world, spring and autumn phenologies have been shifting, with corresponding changes in the length of the growing season. Our understanding of the spatial and interspecific variation of these changes, however, is limited. Not all species are responding similarly, and there is significant spatial variation in responses even within species. This spatial and interspecific variation complicates efforts to predict phenological responses to ongoing climate change, but must be incorporated in order to build reliable forecasts. Here, we use a long-term dataset (1953 -2005) of plant phenological events in spring (flowering and leaf out) and autumn (leaf colouring and leaf fall) throughout Japan and South Korea to build forecasts that account for these sources of variability. Specifically, we used hierarchical models to incorporate the spatial variability in phenological responses to temperature to then forecast species' overall and site-specific responses to global warming. We found that for most species, spring phenology is advancing and autumn phenology is getting later, with the timing of events changing more quickly in autumn compared with the spring. Temporal trends and phenological responses to temperature in East Asia contrasted with results from comparable studies in Europe, where spring events are changing more rapidly than are autumn events. Our results emphasize the need to study multiple species at many sites to understand and forecast regional changes in phenology.
“…Here, it appears that spatial variability was probably driven not by latitude, but rather by other site-specific factors such as precipitation, soils, biotic interactions, human development, etc. (de Beurs & Henebry 2003;Touchon et al 2006;Franks et al 2007). Later spring phenologies in some locations may also be explained in part by species' inability to meet chilling requirements under warmer conditions, thereby delaying flower or leaf production (e.g.…”
As a consequence of warming temperatures around the world, spring and autumn phenologies have been shifting, with corresponding changes in the length of the growing season. Our understanding of the spatial and interspecific variation of these changes, however, is limited. Not all species are responding similarly, and there is significant spatial variation in responses even within species. This spatial and interspecific variation complicates efforts to predict phenological responses to ongoing climate change, but must be incorporated in order to build reliable forecasts. Here, we use a long-term dataset (1953 -2005) of plant phenological events in spring (flowering and leaf out) and autumn (leaf colouring and leaf fall) throughout Japan and South Korea to build forecasts that account for these sources of variability. Specifically, we used hierarchical models to incorporate the spatial variability in phenological responses to temperature to then forecast species' overall and site-specific responses to global warming. We found that for most species, spring phenology is advancing and autumn phenology is getting later, with the timing of events changing more quickly in autumn compared with the spring. Temporal trends and phenological responses to temperature in East Asia contrasted with results from comparable studies in Europe, where spring events are changing more rapidly than are autumn events. Our results emphasize the need to study multiple species at many sites to understand and forecast regional changes in phenology.
“…Water mold treatments consisted of eggs in water containing a piece of cornmeal agar with the water mold Saprolegnia growing on it. Control treatments consisted of eggs in water containing a sterile piece of agar rating the R. catesbeiana eggs I disrupted their protective jelly layer and likely made them more susceptible to infection (Gomez-Mestre et al 2006). A potential way to test the impact of separating R. catesbeiana eggs on their susceptibility to pathogenic water molds would be to include an additional control with a known saprophytic water mold and compare the mortality of the eggs exposed to the saprophytic and pathogenic strains.…”
Section: Discussionmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…Parents may lay their eggs in locations where they are less likely to become infected (Ruthig 2006(Ruthig , 2008. The eggs also contain their own defense mechanisms that protect them (Sagvik et al 2008a,b), including the jelly surrounding the eggs (Gomez-Mestre et al 2006) and phenotypic plasticity in hatching time of eggs exposed to water molds (Touchon et al 2006). These defenses can break down as the abiotic environment changes (Kiesecker et al 2001a, Ruthig 2006, Touchon et al 2006, leaving amphibian populations vulnerable to global climate change.…”
Section: Discussionmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…To date, the eggs of Hyla regilla (Kiesecker & Blaustein 1995), R. clamitans (Karraker & Ruthig 2009) and Ambystoma maculatum (Gomez-Mestre et al 2006, Karraker & Ruthig 2009) have been found to be resistant to infection when exposed to water molds in controlled experiments.…”
“…(See Gomez et al, 2006;Touchon et al, 2006;Vonesh and Warkentin, 2006;Warkentin, 1995Warkentin, , 1999aWarkentin, ,b, 2000aWarkentin, ,b, 2005Warkentin et al, 2001Warkentin et al, , 2005Warkentin et al, , 2006aWarkentin et al, ,b, 2007. 2.…”
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