Has the time come to rethink Canada's Crown forest tenure systems?

Haley, David; Nelson, Harry W.

doi:10.5558/tfc83630-5

Cited by 40 publications

(29 citation statements)

References 8 publications

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“…The characteristics we examine are consistent with some of the general features of forest tenure systems which are found to be needed for the 21 st century: flexibility, diversity, security, transparency, social legitimacy, timber pricing for efficiency, stewardship, and low regulatory costs (Haley and Nelson 2007). Here we address only the first three featuresflexibility, diversity, security-because they are the main contributors to resilience (explained below).…”

Section: Theoretical Approachmentioning

confidence: 88%

Small Sawmills Persevere While the Majors Close: Evaluating Resilience and Desirable Timber Allocation in British Columbia, Canada

Pinkerton¹,

Benner²

2013

E&S

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ABSTRACT. We compared the resilience to economic shocks-such as the downturn of the U.S. housing market-of commodity sawmills, which tend to be large, and value-added specialty sawmills, which tend to be small or medium in size, that are located in one region of the province of British Columbia, Canada, as measured by their average days in operation over the last decade and during the 2007-2009 recession. Using a combination of qualitative and quantitative measures, we then examined three behavioral characteristics contributing to their different degrees of resilience: flexibility, diversity, and orientation to place. We found that the specialty mills had greater resilience over the decade because they (a) contributed more jobs per volume of wood consumed and produced, (b) had greater flexibility to operate further below their capacity, (c) produced more diverse primary and secondary (value-added) wood products, (d) targeted more diverse markets, and (e) did more log sorting and trading in logs of different species with other specialty mills and with local commodity mills, with whom they acted as a resilient cluster. Although all these activities resulted in more logs flowing toward their highest value use, we found that the specialty mills lacked a secure and adequate timber supply, while the major timber tenures held by the commodity mills went largely unused during the downturn. This finding suggests that, in addition to contributing to resilience within the forest products sector, more access to timber tenure by the specialty mills, or having a greater portion of timber on the open market, would result in more value being produced from publicly owned timber.

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Section: Theoretical Approachmentioning

confidence: 88%

Small Sawmills Persevere While the Majors Close: Evaluating Resilience and Desirable Timber Allocation in British Columbia, Canada

Pinkerton¹,

Benner²

2013

E&S

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“…According to Haley and Nelson (2007) and Luckert et al (2011), the forest tenure system is due for fundamental modifications. Further research on the socio-economic impacts of exotic plantations will contribute to this discussion and will help inform Canadian policymakers on appropriate reforms for a forest sector that is more adaptive, more innovative, and perhaps even "more exotic. "…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Potential policy reforms for a “more exotic” Canadian forest sector: Comparing Canada's plantation policies with those in Australia, New Zealand and the United States

Anderson

Luckert

Campbell

2015

The Forestry Chronicle

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Though Canada remains a global forest products competitor, timber production globally is heading towards the use of exotic plantations, and Canada is not following this trend. Instead, Canadian forest policy is structured with the goal of replacing its "natural" forests with forests of similar attributes. While growing these natural forests is difficult to justify financially, intensification with exotic plantations may increase financial returns. Therefore, an alternative approach would be to reform policies in an attempt to promote intensively managed plantations of exotic trees. In this paper we address four policy and/or market constraints currently restricting the establishment of exotic plantations in Canada: (i) restrictions on planting exotic trees on public land, (ii) low financial returns to forest plantations on private and public land, (iii) low or no payments from sequestering carbon with plantations on public and private land, and (iv) prohibitions on foreign firms to purchase private land. We analyze each constraint by describing the current policy situation in Canada. We then explore policies from other countries, mainly Australia, New Zealand, and the United States. These policies, compared with current policies in Canada, suggest potential approaches for facilitating a "more exotic" forest sector.Key words: intensive forest management, forest policy, financial analysis, exotic tree species, indigenous tree species, forest carbon, forest zoning systems, TRIAD, Canada, Australia, New Zealand, United States RÉSUMÉMême si le Canada demeure un joueur important sur la scène mondiale des produits forestiers, la production de bois à l' échelle du globe tend vers l'utilisation d' espèces exotiques, une tendance que ne suit pas le Canada. Au contraire, les politiques forestières canadiennes visent à remplacer ses « forêts naturelles » par des forêts avec des caractéristiques semblables. Alors qu'il est difficile de justifier financièrement la production de ces forêts naturelles, il serait possible d'amélio-rer la rentabilité financière en intensifiant cette culture avec des plantations d' essences exotiques. On pourrait donc envisager de réformer les politiques forestières afin de promouvoir les plantations d' essences exotiques aménagées de façon intensive. Nous étudions dans cet article quatre politiques ou contraintes du marché qui limitent actuellement le recours aux plantations d' essences exotiques au Canada : (i) les restrictions portant sur la plantation d'arbres exotiques sur les terres publiques; (ii) la faible rentabilité financière des plantations forestières sur les terres privées et publiques; (iii) les faibles revenus ou même l'absence de revenus rattachés à la séquestration du carbone par des plantations sur terrain public ou privé et (iv) l'interdiction faite aux entreprises étrangères d'acheter des terres privées. Nous analysons chacune de ces contraintes dans le contexte politique actuel au Canada. Nous explorons par la suite les politiques en vigueur dans d'autres pays, notamm...

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“…The tenure system is commonly held to be problematic [44,45] and, as recognized by interviewees, it has constrained diversification and innovation by limiting access to fiber for new entrants such as local enterprise, First Nations and communities: "We've got a small log home producer... and we have a fella' out here on the hill making timbers. These guys have a hell of a time getting wood even though [the local] mill brings in wood that is too big for its own facility" (forestry industry).…”

Section: The Case Of Economic Disturbancementioning

confidence: 99%

“…Consequently, these policies emphasize timber harvesting rights (deemphasizing non-timber products) and long-term security for large investors through leases that are renewed every five years. About 80% of annual fiber allocations are associated with large-scale processing facilities that require high minimum fiber volumes to be economically viable, and 100% of the annual cut comes from designated forest areas [44].…”

Section: The Case Of Economic Disturbancementioning

confidence: 99%

Preparing for and Responding to Disturbance: Examples from the Forest Sector in Sweden and Canada

Keskitalo

Klenk

Bullock

et al. 2011

Forests

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Abstract:Coping or adaptation following large-scale disturbance may depend on the political system and its preparedness and policy development in relation to risks. Adaptive or foresight planning is necessary in order to account and plan for potential risks that may increase or take place concurrently with climate change. Forests constitute relevant examples of large-scale renewable resource systems that have been directly affected by recent environmental and social changes, and where different levels of management may influence each other. This article views disturbances in the forest sectors of Sweden and Canada, two large forest nations with comparable forestry experiences, in order to elucidate the preparedness and existing responses to multiple potential stresses. The article concludes that the two countries are exposed to stresses that indicate the importance of the governing and institutional system particularly with regard to multi-level systems including federal and EU levels. While economic change largely results in privatization of risk onto individual companies and their economic resources (in Canada coupled with a contestation of institutional systems and equity in these), storm and pest outbreaks in particular OPEN ACCESS Forests 2011, 2 506 challenge institutional capacities at administrative levels, within the context provided by governance and tenure systems.

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Has the time come to rethink Canada's Crown forest tenure systems?

Cited by 40 publications

References 8 publications

Small Sawmills Persevere While the Majors Close: Evaluating Resilience and Desirable Timber Allocation in British Columbia, Canada

Small Sawmills Persevere While the Majors Close: Evaluating Resilience and Desirable Timber Allocation in British Columbia, Canada

Potential policy reforms for a “more exotic” Canadian forest sector: Comparing Canada's plantation policies with those in Australia, New Zealand and the United States

Preparing for and Responding to Disturbance: Examples from the Forest Sector in Sweden and Canada

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