Has the lung cancer risk from smoking increased over the last fifty years?

Burns, David M.; Anderson, Christy M.; Gray, Nigel

doi:10.1007/s10552-010-9708-1

Cited by 19 publications

(19 citation statements)

References 22 publications

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“…In addition, cigarette content of tobacco‐specific nitrosamines increased between 17% and 73% from 1978 to 1995 when measured under standard FTC smoking conditions . Furthermore, these changes may explain the shift in smoking‐related lung cancer incidence from squamous cell to adenocarcinoma . However, while smoking‐related lung cancer has increased, average sales‐weighted tar yield decreased by 44% between 1968 and 1998 (See Document ID yqpk0154, page 10).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…11,32,33 Increasing risk in both sexes may partly be attributed to changes in cigarette design and composition in the past 50 years. 11,12,[34][35][36][37][38] For example, filtered cigarettes, which were introduced in the 1950s, are associated with deeper inhalation and smaller particle size of smoke, which may increase the deposition of tobacco carcinogens throughout the airway. 12,36,37,39,40 In addition, cigarette content of tobacco-specific nitrosamines increased between 17% and 73% from 1978 to 1995 when measured under standard FTC smoking conditions.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…11,12,[34][35][36][37][38] For example, filtered cigarettes, which were introduced in the 1950s, are associated with deeper inhalation and smaller particle size of smoke, which may increase the deposition of tobacco carcinogens throughout the airway. 12,36,37,39,40 In addition, cigarette content of tobacco-specific nitrosamines increased between 17% and 73% from 1978 to 1995 when measured under standard FTC smoking conditions. 11,12,37 Furthermore, these changes may explain the shift in smoking-related lung cancer incidence from squamous cell to adenocarcinoma.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Case‐control study of cumulative cigarette tar exposure and lung and upper aerodigestive tract cancers

Meyers

Chang

et al. 2017

Intl Journal of Cancer

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The development of comprehensive measures for tobacco exposure is crucial to specify effects on disease and inform public health policy. In this population-based case-control study, we evaluated the associations between cumulative lifetime cigarette tar exposure and cancers of the lung and upper aerodigestive tract (UADT). The study included 611 incident cases of lung cancer; 601 cases of UADT cancers (oropharyngeal, laryngeal and esophageal cancers); and 1,040 cancer-free controls. We estimated lifetime exposure to cigarette tar based on tar concentrations abstracted from government cigarette records and self-reported smoking histories derived from a standardized questionnaire. We analyzed the associations for cumulative tar exposure with lung and UADT cancer, overall and according to histological subtype. Cumulative tar exposure was highly correlated with pack-years among ever smoking controls (Pearson coefficient = 0.90). The adjusted odds ratio (95% confidence limits) for the estimated effect of about 1 kg increase in tar exposure (approximately the interquartile range in all controls) was 1.61 (1.50, 1.73) for lung cancer and 1.21 (1.13, 1.29) for UADT cancers. In general, tar exposure was more highly associated with small, squamous and large cell lung cancer than adenocarcinoma. With additional adjustment for pack-years, positive associations between tar and lung cancer were evident, particularly for small cell and large cell subtypes. Therefore, incorporating the composition of tobacco carcinogens in lifetime smoking exposure may improve lung cancer risk estimation. This study does not support the claim of a null or inverse association between “low exposure” to tobacco smoke and risk of these cancer types.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Case‐control study of cumulative cigarette tar exposure and lung and upper aerodigestive tract cancers

Meyers

Chang

et al. 2017

Intl Journal of Cancer

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“…The trends in female histological type and smoking also support this hypothesis as ADC is the only common type of cancer in the female population, which experienced a later increase in smoking prevalence correlating with the shift in cigarette manufacturing trends. Besides deeper inhalation of the smoke of low tar cigarettes with ventilated filters, also the smaller particles in side stream smoke (PAHs adsorbed on larger surface and penetrating deeper into the lung) and the nitrosamines in blended burley tobacco have been associated with the worldwide increase of ADC [27]. …”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Smoking and lung cancer: current trends in Austria

Thompson

Waldhör

Schernhammer

et al. 2012

Wien Klin Wochenschr

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Summary Background Despite a recent decline in smoking behavior in many European countries, lung cancer rates remain high, especially in Central and Eastern Europe. This paper aims to describe trends in smoking behavior and lung cancer incidence and mortality, including histopathological classification of lung cancer, in a Central European country: Austria. Methods Using data from the Austrian Central Cancer Registry, we calculated age-standardized incidence, histopathology-specific incidence, and age-standardized and birth cohort-specific mortality rates for all lung cancer cases in Austria. Using national survey data, we estimated prevalence of smoking in the Austrian population. Our analysis covers the time period from 1970 to 2009. Results In 2009, lung cancer incidence rates were 41.3/100,000 and 18.5/100,000 and mortality rates were 36.3/100,000 and14.5/100,000, for males and females, respectively. Male lung cancer rates declined but increased steadily in females over the past three decades. In 2009, the most common histological type is adenocarcinoma, which reflects a shift from predominantly squamous cell carcinoma and large cell carcinoma in the mid 1980s. In 2009, 27 % of men and 19 % of women were smokers, which represent a rise of smoking rates in women, especially in younger women, and a decline in the men. Conclusions While in Austrian men the lung cancer rates, in accordance with their decreasing prevalence of smoking, declined over the past 30 years, the increasing smoking prevalence and lung cancer rates in women remain a public health concern. Antismoking laws and public health initiatives to curtail smoking habits are needed in Austria, especially targeting younger women.

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“…For example, filter vented American blend cigarettes produce higher levels of tobacco-specific nitrosamines (Gray et al, 2000;Hoffmann, Djordjevic, & Hoffmann, 1997). This and the deeper puffing have been linked to an increase in the incidence of adenocarcinoma that has occurred since their introduction (Burns, Anderson, & Gray, 2011a, 2011b.…”

Section: Evolution Of the Modern Cigarettementioning

confidence: 99%

Research Required for the Effective Implementation of the Framework Convention on Tobacco Control, Articles 9 and 10

Gray

Borland

2012

Nicotine & Tobacco Research

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This paper is part of a series of articles intended to set out the research questions that are relevant to the successful implementation of the various provisions of the Framework Convention on Tobacco Control (FCTC). This paper focuses on issues affecting Articles 9 and 10 of the FCTC. This paper focuses on the research that is most important for most countries, rather than on what is desirable in countries with high levels of research capacity.Articles 9 and 10 of the FCTC address the regulation of contents and emissions of tobacco products and regulation of tobacco product disclosure. Such regulation will be essential if the long-term objective of reducing the danger of tobacco products is to be achieved. There are many components of tobacco and tobacco smoke that are excessively toxic and dangerous to the user. Many of these components are carcinogenic and addictive and can be removed or reduced substantially with current known technology. The fact that these components remain in tobacco and tobacco smoke at levels that are unnecessarily dangerous is precisely the reason why the successful implementation of Articles 9 and 10 of the FCTC is important to tobacco control. This paper discusses the scientific challenges involved in successfully implementing Articles 9 and 10 of the FCTC, which focuses on regulating carcinogens and toxins in tobacco and tobacco smoke, the abuse liability of tobacco products, and the additives and engineering features in tobacco products that make tobacco products appealing to future consumers.The research issues we focus on are those required to support the early stages of regulation. As regulation proceeds, new and more sophisticated research questions will undoubtedly emerge.

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Has the lung cancer risk from smoking increased over the last fifty years?

Cited by 19 publications

References 22 publications

Case‐control study of cumulative cigarette tar exposure and lung and upper aerodigestive tract cancers

Case‐control study of cumulative cigarette tar exposure and lung and upper aerodigestive tract cancers

Smoking and lung cancer: current trends in Austria

Research Required for the Effective Implementation of the Framework Convention on Tobacco Control, Articles 9 and 10

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