Harmonising the OGC Standards for the Built Environment: A CityGML Extension for LandInfra

Abstract

The relatively new Open Geospatial Consortium (OGC) standard LandInfra documents in its data model land and civil engineering infrastructure features. It has a Geography Markup Language (GML) implementation, OGC InfraGML, which has essentially no software support and is rarely used in practice. In order to share the benefits of LandInfra (and InfraGML) with a wider public, we have created the Infra Application Domain Extension (ADE), a CityGML ADE that allows us to store LandInfra features in CityGML. In this paper, we semantically map LandInfra to CityGML, describe our ADE, and discuss a few used cases where our ADE can be useful for applications for the built environment. We also provide software to automatically convert datasets from InfraGML to CityGML (and our ADE), and vice versa, as well as to validate them, which will help practitioners generate real-world InfraGML datasets.

Requirements, Development, and Evaluation of A National Building Standard—A Swedish Case Study

“…The road information can for example be stored in the LandInfra standard. There is a recent study of creating a CityGML Infra ADE that allows storage of LandInfra features in CityGML 2.0 ( [59]; see Section 4.7 above). Based on this we foresee that the choice of CityGML for the building theme could support later work in including more themes into a national 3D city model standard, but this is not further studied in this paper.…”

“…It is called CityGML-LADM ADM and has links to the LADM standard [19] to facilitate the cadastral management. Another ADE that has links to a standard is the CityGML Infra ADE [59]. It includes additional information from the OGC standard LandInfra [35] that is not included in CityGML.…”

“…CityGML is the most comprehensive standard today for the exchange of 3D city models [6]. It includes a well-established building model that can be implemented as is or together with additional information in an ADE (e.g., [4,5,23,24,43,59]). Therefore, it was decided that the proposed national Swedish building standard should use CityGML and that an ADE should be developed as CityGML does not include all the information that the national standard requires.…”

Towards Application of Landinfra Standard for Highway Management in Korea

“…On one hand, few pieces of literature reviewed the application of LandInfra including the consideration of applying LandInfra for road asset information exchange (Niestroj et al, 2018), testing and implementing InfraGML with IFC (Industry Foundation Classes) Alignment for the verification of transferring information between different systems/software (Malmkvist et al, 2017), exploring the possibility of integrating BIM (IFC) and 3D GIS (CityGML) applications using LandInfra (Kumar et al, 2019b), also development of software application for InfraGML for storing LandInfra features in CityGML (Kumar et al, 2019a). A few pieces of literature showed an application of LandInfra, no examination exists for applying LandInfra for road management.…”

Assessment of Practicability and Barriers of Use of BIM Strategies for Efficient Management of Public Buildings

“…Sofia (2017) further buttressed that intangible attributes, as "heritage values, could be integrated into the 3D model in a structured and consistent way, which would allow for easy information extraction and the production of deliverables". Kumar et al (2019) opined that "systematic approach could be needed when deciding what elements are essential to avoid an excessively complex situation", and, introducing highquality digital survey datasets, BIM, "would allow for the exploration and complex analysis of proposed interventions in various scenarios".…”