Requirements, Development, and Evaluation of A National Building Standard—A Swedish Case Study

Abstract

The aim of this paper is to present a proposal for a national building standard in Sweden. We define requirements for the proposed standard, e.g., it should support development of 3D city models, connect to building information models (BIM) and national registers and be based on a national classification system for the urban environment. Based on these requirements we develop an Application Domain Extension (ADE) of the building model in the proposed CityGML 3.0 standard denoted CityGML Sve-Test. CityGML 3.0 includes several new features of interest, e.g., the space concept, enhanced possibilities to convert data, and to link to other standards. In our study we create test data according to CityGML Sve-Test and evaluate it against the requirements. It is shown that BIM models (in Industry Foundation Classes, IFC, format) can be converted to CityGML Sve-Test and that a classification system facilitates this conversion. The CityGML Sve-Test dataset can be used to increase the automation level in building permissions checking and a related study shows that CityGML 3.0 has capabilities to link to legal information and be a base for 3D cadastral index maps. Based on our experience, we suggest that the national building standard should conform to international standards and, if possible, include a classification system. The exchange format (GML, JSON etc.) might change, but to be based on a standardized data model ensures harmonized structures and concepts.

Tools for BIM-GIS Integration (IFC Georeferencing and Conversions): Results from the GeoBIM Benchmark 2019

“…Among these, the most acknowledged and used open standards are CityGML by OGC (Section 2.2.1), for 3D city models, and IFC by buildingSMART for BIMs (Section 2.2.2). On a national level, there are specific models which often are based on, or at least linked to, the international standards [17,18]. Therefore, these open standards are being considered as reference guideline for investigating the GeoBIM integration in most studies (e.g., Sun et al [11], Daum et al [19]) and are chosen in a joint effort between OGC and buildingSMART to integrate geodata and BIM data.…”

Reference study of CityGML software support: The GeoBIM benchmark 2019—Part II

“…The latter can be used, for example, for 3D cadastre units, enabling a connection between CityGML with the Land Administration Domain Model (International Organization for Standardization (ISO, 2012), without introducing an ADE (Sun, Olsson, Eriksson, & Harrie, 2020). CityGML version 3.0 has interesting features for establishing new national standards (Eriksson et al, 2020), but it is uncertain if this new standard will be able to address the technical interoperability issues evaluated in this benchmark. And there is a risk that the new features (even though interesting from several application perspectives) may even increase the complexity as highlighted in this study and therefore pose further interoperability challenges.…”

Tools for BIM-GIS Integration (IFC Georeferencing and Conversions): Results from the GeoBIM Benchmark 2019

“…Among these, the most acknowledged and used open standards are CityGML by OGC (Section 2.2.1), for 3D city models, and IFC by buildingSMART for BIM (Section 2.2.2). On a national level, there are specific models which often are based on, or at least linked to, the international standards [17,18]. Therefore, these open standards are being considered as reference guideline for investigating the GeoBIM integration in most studies (e.g.…”