Hardware structures, control strategies, and applications of electric springs: a state‐of‐the‐art review

Tapia-Tinoco, Guillermo; García-Pérez, Arturo; Granados-Lieberman, David; Camarena-Martinez, David; Valtierra-Rodríguez, Martín

doi:10.1049/iet-gtd.2019.1813

Cited by 8 publications

(4 citation statements)

References 77 publications

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“…The primary ES configuration was covered in [150], and it has recently been referred to as ES-1 [151][152][153]. As illustrated in Figure 9a, ES-1 is linked in series with Z nc and is made up of a half-/full-bridge 1Ø converter with a capacitor.…”

Section: Alleviating Of Vαf Variationsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Single-Phase Microgrid Power Quality Enhancement Strategies: A Comprehensive Review

Alhaiz,

Alsafran,

Almarhoon

2023

Energies

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Renewable distributed generators (RDGs) have made inroads in recent power systems owing to the environmental effect of traditional generators and their high consumption of electric energy. The widespread use of RDGs has been a recent trend in numerous nations. The integration complexity and the intermittent nature of RDGs can undermine the security and stability of microgrids (µGs). In order to guarantee the effectiveness, dependability, and quality of the electricity delivered, appropriate control methods are necessary. RDGs are being included in single-phase microgrids (1Ø-µGs) to generate energy closer to the user. The creation of low-voltage µGs allows for increased energy efficiency and improved electrical supply dependability. Nevertheless, the combined power pumped by DGs might create power quality (PQ) difficulties, especially during off-grid operations. The three biggest problems with PQ are reactive-power swapping, voltage and frequency (VαF) variations, and current and voltage (IαV) harmonic falsification associated with 1Ø-µGs; these conditions may affect the operation of µGs. The designed and implemented (primary–secondary control systems) in RDGs are the prevalent strategy discussed in the literature for mitigating these PQ difficulties. Furthermore, emerging grid innovations like the electrical spring offer viable alternatives that might reduce some problems through decentralized operation. Although several research studies have addressed PQ concerns in 3Ø-µGs, not all of these solutions are immediately applicable to their 1Ø equivalents. In this paper, the state of the art and a performance comparison of several PQ enhancement strategies of µGs is discussed. Additionally, the primary difficulties and several PQ approach tactics are highlighted. All vital features from high-quality published articles and new dimensions in this field are presented for mitigating PQ difficulties in 1Ø-µGs.

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Section: Alleviating Of Vαf Variationsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Single-Phase Microgrid Power Quality Enhancement Strategies: A Comprehensive Review

Alhaiz,

Alsafran,

Almarhoon

2023

Energies

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“…The load that is connected in parallel to the system from PCC is called critical load, and sensitive to voltage changes. Different configurations of ES (ES-1, ES-2, ES-3, ES-4, and DCES) have been mentioned in the literature (Tapia-Tinoco et al, 2020). This study is based on ES configuration with battery on the DC side which is known as ES-2.…”

Section: Electric Spring Structurementioning

confidence: 99%

Assessment of harmonic mitigation performance of electric springs with different inverter topologies

Duman

Doğanşahin

2022

Gümüşhane Üniversitesi Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü Dergisi

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Electric spring (ES) is a new technology inspired by the idea of realization a system that is equivalent to mechanical springs in terms of functionality within power systems. Electric springs are comprised from a DC voltage source, an inverter and an LC filter at the grid side. It can be used effectively in power systems to perform many functions such as voltage regulation, reactive power compensation, demand management and energy storage. On the other hand, due to the semiconductor elements in ES structure, it causes distortion on voltage and current waveforms. However, various control approaches have been proposed in the literature in order to prevent the aforementioned distortions. In this study, three different ESs has been modeled with the inverter topologies chosen from the frequently preferred once used in applications, namely Half-Bridge, Full-Bridge, and Neutral Point Clamped Multi-Level Inverter (NPC-MLI). The disruptive effects of electric springs with different inverter topologies on the grid and their performance in harmonic elimination have been examined through the results obtained from simulations realized in MATLAB/Simulink®.

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“…The topologies of ES can be divided into ES-1-ES-3 according to the sequence of appearance [4][5][6][7][8] and other types of topologies are adjusted on this basis [9][10][11][12]. In addition to the topology of ES, the control strategy of ES is also the focus of research.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Influence analysis of working state control angle on electric spring with switchable smart load

Duan

Wei

Wang

et al. 2023

IET Power Electronics

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Traditional electric springs can only stabilize the voltage of critical loads (CL), while sacrificing the operational stability of non‐critical loads (NCL), the status of these two loads is obviously unequal, exposure to fluctuating voltages for extended periods of time can be hazardous to NCL. To solve this problem, a control method based on electric spring (ES) with switchable smart load (SSL) that does not distinguish between CL and NCL is proposed. This paper briefly introduces first the definition, principle and control strategy of the ES with SSL. Then, the relationship between the working state control angle in this control strategy and the working state of ES is analysed in detail. A method to obtain reasonable value ranges of working state control angle by setting boundary conditions is studied. Finally, an experimental platform is built based on DSP TMS320F28069 for experiments, experimental results show that ES can stabilize the voltage of different loads in different time by adopting this control strategy, the working state of ES can be adjusted and the four‐quadrant operation of electric spring can be realized by changing the working state control angle.

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Hardware structures, control strategies, and applications of electric springs: a state‐of‐the‐art review

Cited by 8 publications

References 77 publications

Single-Phase Microgrid Power Quality Enhancement Strategies: A Comprehensive Review

Single-Phase Microgrid Power Quality Enhancement Strategies: A Comprehensive Review

Assessment of harmonic mitigation performance of electric springs with different inverter topologies

Influence analysis of working state control angle on electric spring with switchable smart load

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