Single-Phase Microgrid Power Quality Enhancement Strategies: A Comprehensive Review

Abstract

Renewable distributed generators (RDGs) have made inroads in recent power systems owing to the environmental effect of traditional generators and their high consumption of electric energy. The widespread use of RDGs has been a recent trend in numerous nations. The integration complexity and the intermittent nature of RDGs can undermine the security and stability of microgrids (µGs). In order to guarantee the effectiveness, dependability, and quality of the electricity delivered, appropriate control methods are necessary. RDGs are being included in single-phase microgrids (1Ø-µGs) to generate energy closer to the user. The creation of low-voltage µGs allows for increased energy efficiency and improved electrical supply dependability. Nevertheless, the combined power pumped by DGs might create power quality (PQ) difficulties, especially during off-grid operations. The three biggest problems with PQ are reactive-power swapping, voltage and frequency (VαF) variations, and current and voltage (IαV) harmonic falsification associated with 1Ø-µGs; these conditions may affect the operation of µGs. The designed and implemented (primary–secondary control systems) in RDGs are the prevalent strategy discussed in the literature for mitigating these PQ difficulties. Furthermore, emerging grid innovations like the electrical spring offer viable alternatives that might reduce some problems through decentralized operation. Although several research studies have addressed PQ concerns in 3Ø-µGs, not all of these solutions are immediately applicable to their 1Ø equivalents. In this paper, the state of the art and a performance comparison of several PQ enhancement strategies of µGs is discussed. Additionally, the primary difficulties and several PQ approach tactics are highlighted. All vital features from high-quality published articles and new dimensions in this field are presented for mitigating PQ difficulties in 1Ø-µGs.

Power Quality Conditioners-Based Fractional-Order PID Controllers Using Hybrid Jellyfish Search and Particle Swarm Algorithm for Power Quality Enhancement

“…The reference load voltage is indicated by 𝑉(𝑐ℎ), and the fluctuation in the source voltage factor can be signified by the symbol 𝑘, while the power factor can be denoted as cos(φ(𝑛)). Equation (6) shows the percentage change between the source and the reference voltages. The behavior of the power supply system can be mathematically represented by Kirchhoff's law, as shown in Equations ( 4) and ( 5):…”

“…The reference load voltage is indicated by V(ch), and the fluctuation in the source voltage factor can be signified by the symbol k, while the power factor can be denoted as cos(φ(n)). Equation (6) shows the percentage change between the source and the reference voltages. When the system experiences overvoltage VG, the series inverter injects the negative voltage V(s) into the network to mitigate it.…”

“…Integrating different types of distributed generation (DG) units into standalone µGs allows for the effective utilization of their complementary attributes. However, the intermittent nature of RES and load fluctuations, such as non-linear loads, unbalanced loads, and critical loads, introduces PQ issues and stability challenges in standalone µGs [6,7].…”

The Accuracy of Evaluation of the Requirements of the Standards IEC 61000-3-2(12) with the Application of the Wideband Current Transducer

“…The technology used was Fluxgate with closed-loop compensation, which had a fixed excitation frequency and second harmonic zero flux detection, which provided greater accuracy and stability [ 27 ]. Such devices have a wide range of applications, including power electronics testing, renewable energy systems, power quality monitoring, and high-precision current measurement in various industrial processes [ 28 , 29 , 30 ]. They are also used in the testing and development of electric vehicles (EVs) and hybrid electric vehicles (HEVs), as well as in the aerospace and defense industries.…”