Hardware Assisted Clock Synchronization for Real-Time Sensor Networks

Buevich, Maxim; Rajagopal, Niranjini; Rowe, Anthony

doi:10.1109/rtss.2013.34

Cited by 29 publications

(12 citation statements)

References 19 publications

(28 reference statements)

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“…However, a servo clock can significantly increase the energy consumption. In [117], the authors proposed a deep-sleep mode to correct the clock offset and maintain low power usage.…”

Section: ) Servo Clock (Hardware)mentioning

confidence: 99%

A Survey of Clock Synchronization Over Packet-Switched Networks

Lévesque

Tipper

2016

IEEE Commun. Surv. Tutorials

109

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Abstract-Clock synchronization is a prerequisite for the realization of emerging applications in various domains such as industrial automation and the intelligent power grid. This paper surveys the standardized protocols and technologies for providing synchronization of devices connected by packet-switched networks. A review of synchronization impairments and the stateof-the-art mechanisms to improve the synchronization accuracy is then presented. Providing microsecond to sub-microsecond synchronization accuracy under the presence of asymmetric delays in a cost-effective manner is a challenging problem, and still an open issue in many application scenarios. Further, security is of significant importance for systems where timing is critical. The security threats and solutions to protect exchanged synchronization messages are also discussed.

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“…However, a servo clock can significantly increase the energy consumption. In [117], the authors proposed a deep-sleep mode to correct the clock offset and maintain low power usage.…”

Section: ) Servo Clock (Hardware)mentioning

confidence: 99%

A Survey of Clock Synchronization Over Packet-Switched Networks

Lévesque

Tipper

2016

IEEE Commun. Surv. Tutorials

109

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“…They can be found in most solutions for WSN development [36,37]. Furthermore, newer nodes such as FireFly provide improved capabilities and make possible real-time operations [38]. The solutions matured and covered areas of medical devices, such as a sensor node named Eco that was designed at University of California to noninvasively monitor movement of limbs of pre-term infants [39].…”

Section: Node Hardware and Physical Layermentioning

confidence: 99%

Survey of Energy Harvesting Systems for Wireless Sensor Networks in Environmental Monitoring

Dziadak

Makowski

Michalski

2016

Metrology and Measurement Systems

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Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs) have existed for many years and had assimilated many interesting innovations. Advances in electronics, radio transceivers, processes of IC manufacturing and development of algorithms for operation of such networks now enable creating energy-efficient devices that provide practical levels of performance and a sufficient number of features. Environmental monitoring is one of the areas in which WSNs can be successfully used. At the same time this is a field where devices must either bring their own power reservoir, such as a battery, or scavenge energy locally from some natural phenomena. Improving the efficiency of energy harvesting methods reduces complexity of WSN structures. This survey is based on practical examples from the real world and provides an overview of state-of-the-art methods and techniques that are used to create energyefficient WSNs with energy harvesting.

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“…Works that address this problem by only changing the clock rate exist, see e.g. [1,13], but the former relies on additional hardware to physically tune the crystal oscillator frequency, while the latter uses timestamp transmission and a PLL-like algorithm. This is not the first work to propose feedback control for clock synchronisation.…”

Section: Related Workmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…4,6,10,12,16,18] or to rely on support, either from the power lines [14] or from external hardware [1].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

FLOPSYNC-2: Efficient Monotonic Clock Synchronisation

Terraneo

Rinaldi

Maggio

et al. 2014

2014 IEEE Real-Time Systems Symposium

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Time synchronisation is crucial for distributed systems, and particularly for Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs), where each node is executing concurrent operations to achieve a real-time objective. However, synchronisation is quite difficult to achieve in WSNs, due to the unpredictable deployment conditions and to physical effects like thermal stress, that cause drifts in the local node clocks. As a result, state-of-the-art synchronisation schemes do not guarantee monotonicity of the nodes clock, or are relying on external hardware assistance. In this paper we present FLOPSYNC-2, a scheme to synchronise the clocks of multiple nodes in a WSN, requiring no additional hardware, and based on the application of control-theoretical principles. The scheme guarantees low overhead, low power consumption and synchronisation with clock monotonicity.We propose an implementation of FLOPSYNC-2 on top of the microcontroller operating system Miosix, and prove the validity of our claims with several-days-long experiments on an eight-hop network. The experimental results show that the average clock difference among nodes is limited to a hundred of ns, with a sub-μs standard deviation. By introducing a suitable power model, we also prove that synchronisation is achieved with a sub-μA consumption overhead.

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Hardware Assisted Clock Synchronization for Real-Time Sensor Networks

Cited by 29 publications

References 19 publications

A Survey of Clock Synchronization Over Packet-Switched Networks

A Survey of Clock Synchronization Over Packet-Switched Networks

Survey of Energy Harvesting Systems for Wireless Sensor Networks in Environmental Monitoring

FLOPSYNC-2: Efficient Monotonic Clock Synchronisation

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