Haptoglobin Patterns in Essential Hypertension and Associated Conditions – Increased Risk for Hp 2-2

Abstract

Blood samples from 257 hypertensive patients and 180 normotensive controls were analysed for their association with haptoglobin levels and phenotypes. Compared to controls, patients with Hp 2–2 phenotype showed a significantly increased risk for essential hypertension (p < 0.001) and hypertension associated with ischaemic heart disease (p < 0.05). There was a significant decrease in the mean levels of serum haptoglobins in hypertension as compared to controls, suggesting the possibility for intravascular haemolysis due to vascular damage leading to further complications.

Genetic polymorphisms influence runners’ responses to the dietary ingestion of antioxidant supplementation based on pequi oil (Caryocar brasiliense Camb.): a before-after study

“…Nevertheless, after pequi-oil supplementation, the responses became more homogeneous and no more significant differences were observed among Hp genotypes, demonstrating that the supplement's protective antioxidant effects affected differential responses to the exercise-induced lipid peroxidation. On the other hand, the Hp 2-2 genotype has been associated with increased risk for essential hypertension [107] and with accumulation of atherosclerotic lesions in essential hypertension, besides showing higher therapeutic needs and more refractory hypertension [40]. Hp 2-2 has been also associated with increased CVD risk, mainly in patients with diabetes [69,73,114].…”

Evidence for an association between haptoglobin and MnSOD (Val9Ala) gene polymorphisms in essential hypertension based on a Brazilian case-control study

“…In this regard, our results corroborate this finding. On the other hand, the Hp 2-2 genotype has been associated with increased risk for essential hypertension (Prabha et al, 1987), accumulation of atherosclerotic lesions in essential hypertension, besides showing higher therapeutic needs and more refractory hypertension (Delanghe et al, 1997). Although our study did not investigate the latter two parameters, our results indicate that Brazilian individuals carrying Hp 2-2 can present a lower risk of developing hypertension than Hp 1-1 subjects.…”

The Protein Polymorphism of Haptoglobin in Korean Elite Athletes

“…However, a plausible explanation is the functional differences betwen Hp phenotypes. At present, multiple functional differences among these Hp phenotypes [9, [11][12][13][14][15] have been reported. The Hp1-1 phenotype may influence the athletic performance through mechanisms such as stronger hemoglobin-binding ability and antioxidative capacity compared with other phenotypes [9].…”

“…The Hp1-1 phenotype may influence the athletic performance through mechanisms such as stronger hemoglobin-binding ability and antioxidative capacity compared with other phenotypes [9]. Also, Hp2-2 is associated with various cardiovascular diseases when compared with Hp1-1 phenotypes, suggesting a possible advantage for the Hp1-1 phenotype in cardiovascular function [11][12][13][14][15]. Another possibility is that the effect of the Hp phenotype on the interindividual difference in the VO 2max index results from linkage disequilibrium between the Hp phenotype and another causative allele.…”

“…The synthesis of this protein is controlled by a single gene located on chromosome 16 [10]. Hp polymorphism is known to be associated with various cardiovascular diseases [11][12][13][14][15] or immune diseases [16][17][18][19]. However, to our knowledge, there is no report on the relationship between Hp polymorphism and athletic performance.…”