Handbook on the Family and Marriage in China

A dialectical-relational approach to anti-trans sentiments on Hupu

“…Traces of indigenous trans communities were found in China's historical archives, but transgenderism was largely suppressed until the end of Mao's leadership (Chiang, 2017). Catering to the diversification of contemporary audiences, the post-reform media industry has created differing gender ideals, leading to the emergence of non-heterosexual representations today (Tan et al, 2022).…”

“…However, Evans (2008, p. 374) argues that the post-reform diversity of media representations does not conceal the fact that sex is marginalised as "a critical category of analysis," reflecting an alliance between the nation-state and the market economy to legitimatise existing gender hierarchy and injustice. In this process, an essentialist understanding of sex akin to its Western counterpart is perpetuated in China's public discourses, although the former shows a stronger heteronormative character, as an outcome of the state censorship over both LGBTQ media content and feminist activism (Chiang, 2017).…”

“…Rather, anti-trans sentiments emerge as a defining characteristic of the heteronormative majority of the population (Wei and Liu, 2019). While China's sports-governing body does not implement restrictions on trans athletic participation outside of the IOC's framework (NBC, 2022), the misunderstanding of trans people as sexual deviants still subjects them to the most severe, blatant discrimination (Chiang, 2017). As globalisation becomes internalised in postreform China, the celebration of sexual desires and the diversification of gender identities are often perceived as global constructs associated with the increased Sino-Western cultural exchanges (Tang et al, 2021).…”

Health of left-behind children in China: Evidence from mediation analysis

“…We included both linear and quadratic age terms to capture possible nonlinear health difference by age. The number of siblings, as well as the sex and education of the PCG, are likely to affect caregiving practices and intra-household resource allocation (Zang and Zhao, 2017).…”

“…We included both linear and quadratic age terms to capture possible nonlinear health differences by age. The number of siblings and the sex and education of the PCG are likely to affect caregiving practices and intra-household resource allocation (Zang and Zhao, 2017). Family income is known to strongly predict multiple domains of child development, including health (Goode et al, 2014).…”