Handbook of Chlor-Alkali Technology

O’Brien, Thomas F.; Bommaraju, Tilak V.; Hine, Fumio

doi:10.1007/b113786

Cited by 173 publications

(327 citation statements)

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“…In this review, the discussion of cathode materials will focus only on those materials studied in conditions close to those found in an alkaline SPE water electrolyser. Much can be learnt from experience in the chloralkali industry [31] where commercial cathode coatings operate at low overpotential with lifetimes of several years. Zero gap cells are common and the cathode reaction is also hydrogen evolution in concentrated aqueous alkali at temperatures (333e363 K) similar to those employed in a water electrolyser.…”

Section: à2mentioning

confidence: 99%

Prospects for alkaline zero gap water electrolysers for hydrogen production

Pletcher

2011

International Journal of Hydrogen Energy

294

188

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Section: à2mentioning

confidence: 99%

Prospects for alkaline zero gap water electrolysers for hydrogen production

Pletcher

2011

International Journal of Hydrogen Energy

294

188

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“…These types of electrodes are often referred to as dimensionally stable anodes (DSA ® ). RuO2-based coatings have also found practical applications as a catalyst for hydrogen evolution in chlor-alkali production and alkaline water electrolysis [1]. RuO2 is then usually deposited on nickel (Ni) substrates because of higher corrosion resistance of Ni, compare to e.g.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…hypochlorite and other active chlorine species close to the anode surface starts to reduce. As a consequence the RuO2-based coating on the cathode starts to degrade, which is suggested being caused by oxidation [1][2][3].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Corrosion of ruthenium dioxide based cathodes in alkaline medium caused by reverse currents

Holmin

Näslund

Ingason

et al. 2014

Electrochimica Acta

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A reverse current obtained during power shutdowns in industrial processes, such as chlor-alkali production or alkaline water electrolysis, is deleterious for hydrogen evolving ruthenium dioxide (Ru02) based cathodes. It has been observed that RuO2 coatings after a power shutdown, necessary for e.g. maintenance, are severely damaged unless polarization rectifiers are employed. In this work we show why these types of cathodes are sensitive to reverse currents, i.e. anodic currents, after hydrogen evolution. RuO2 coatings deposited on nickel substrates were subjected to different electrochemical treatments such as hydrogen evolution, oxygen evolution, or reverse currents in 8 M NaOH at 90 degrees C. Polarity inversion was introduced after hydrogen evolution to simulate the effect of reverse currents. Because of chemical interaction with hydrogen, a significant amount of the RuO2 coating was transformed into hydroxylated species during cathodic polarization. Our study shows that these hydroxylated phases are highly sensitive to electrochemical corrosion during anodic polarization after extended hydrogen evolution.

Funding Agencies|Swedish Research Council [2007-5059]; European Research Council under the European Communities/ERC [258509]; Swedish Research Council (VR) [642-2013-8020]; KAW Fellowship program

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“…In fact all modern electrodes are MMO covered on titanium (DSA type). For chlorine evolving DSAs, as used in the chlor-alkali industry, typical current densities are more then 300 mA cm -2 in the membrane cell process [43]. In this case the lifetime of DSAs is guaranteed to be up to 10 years [44].…”

Section: Lifetime Of the Electrodesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Reverse electrodialysis: evaluation of suitable electrode systems

Veerman

Saakes²,

Metz³

et al. 2010

J Appl Electrochem

217

187

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Reverse electrodialysis (RED) is a method for directly extracting electrical energy from salinity gradients, especially from sea and river water. For the commercial implementation of RED, the electrode system is a key component. In this paper, novel electrode systems for RED were compared with existing systems on safety, health, environment, technical feasibility and economics. Systems with inert DSA-type electrodes and a NaCl-HCl supporting electrolyte with the reversible Fe 2? /Fe 3? redox couple or the [Fe(CN) 6 ] 4-/Fe(CN) 6 ] 3-couple achieved the highest ranking. Improvements of the electrode system are also discussed like the use of special stable metal electrodes, graphite electrodes, other reversible redox couples, capacitive electrodes and electrolytes with carbon particles.

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Handbook of Chlor-Alkali Technology

Cited by 173 publications

References 0 publications

Prospects for alkaline zero gap water electrolysers for hydrogen production

Prospects for alkaline zero gap water electrolysers for hydrogen production

Corrosion of ruthenium dioxide based cathodes in alkaline medium caused by reverse currents

Reverse electrodialysis: evaluation of suitable electrode systems

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