Prospects for alkaline zero gap water electrolysers for hydrogen production

Pletcher, Derek; Li, Xiaohong

doi:10.1016/j.ijhydene.2011.08.080

Cited by 294 publications

(203 citation statements)

References 131 publications

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“…27 It has been shown that for small systems, the dominant factor in determining the cost of electrolytic hydrogen is the cost of the electrolysis cells, whereas for large systems electricity cost and hydrogen value dominate the discussion. 13 Although hydrogen possesses the advantages of availability, flexibility, and high purity, for its widespread applications hydrogen production using water electrolysis needs improvements in energy efficiency, safety, durability, operability, and portability, and, above all, reduction in installation and operation costs. These features open up many opportunities for research and development leading to technological advancements in water electrolysis.…”

Section: Figure 1 Conceptual Energy System Using Water Electrolysis mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…6,7 Notwithstanding the increasing interest in hydrogen as an energy carrier, its main uses continue to be in petroleum refining, ammonia production, metal refining, and electronics fabrication, with an average worldwide consumption of about 40 million tonnes. [8][9][10][11][12][13] This large-scale hydrogen consumption consequently requires large-scale hydrogen production. Presently, the technologies that dominate hydrogen production include reforming of natural gas, 14 gasification of coal and petroleum coke, 15,16 as well as gasification and reforming of heavy oil.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…21,22 When compared to other available methods, water electrolysis has the advantage of producing extremely pure hydrogen (>99.9%), ideal for some high value-added processes such as manufacture of electronic components. 13 Water electrolysis is often limited to small--scale applications and to particular cases where large-scale hydrogen production plants are not accessible or economical to use. These include marine, rocket, spacecraft, electronic, and food industries, as well as medical applications.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Hydrogen production by alkaline water electrolysis

Santos¹,

Sequeira²,

Figueiredo³

2013

Quím. Nova

355

227

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Recebido em 13/12/12; aceito em 28/5/13; publicado na web em 17/7/13Water electrolysis is one of the simplest methods used for hydrogen production. It has the advantage of being able to produce hydrogen using only renewable energy. To expand the use of water electrolysis, it is mandatory to reduce energy consumption, cost, and maintenance of current electrolyzers, and, on the other hand, to increase their efficiency, durability, and safety. In this study, modern technologies for hydrogen production by water electrolysis have been investigated. In this article, the electrochemical fundamentals of alkaline water electrolysis are explained and the main process constraints (e.g., electrical, reaction, and transport) are analyzed. The historical background of water electrolysis is described, different technologies are compared, and main research needs for the development of water electrolysis technologies are discussed.

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Section: Figure 1 Conceptual Energy System Using Water Electrolysis mentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 1 more Smart Citation

Hydrogen production by alkaline water electrolysis

Santos¹,

Sequeira²,

Figueiredo³

2013

Quím. Nova

355

227

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“…In alkaline water-electrolysis at elevated temperatures, clearly higher current densities can be reached often exceeding 100 mA cm À2 . 35 )…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Electrosynthesis, functional, and structural characterization of a water-oxidizing manganese oxide

Zaharieva

Chernev

Risch

et al. 2012

Energy Environ. Sci.

410

583

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In the sustainable production of non-fossil fuels, water oxidation is pivotal. Development of efficient catalysts based on manganese is desirable because this element is earth-abundant, inexpensive, and largely non-toxic. We report an electrodeposited Mn oxide (MnCat) that catalyzes electrochemical water oxidation at neutral pH at rates that approach the level needed for direct coupling to photoactive materials. By choice of the voltage protocol we could switch between electrodeposition of inactive Mn oxides (deposition at constant anodic potentials) and synthesis of the active MnCat (deposition by voltage-cycling protocols). Electron microscopy reveals that the MnCat consists of nanoparticles (100 nm) with complex fine-structure. X-ray spectroscopy reveals that the amorphous MnCat resembles the biological paragon, the water-splitting Mn 4 Ca complex of photosynthesis, with respect to mean Mn oxidation state (ca. +3.8 in the MnCat) and central structural motifs. Yet the MnCat functions without calcium or other bivalent ions. Comparing the MnCat with electrodeposited Mn oxides inactive in water oxidation, we identify characteristics that likely are crucial for catalytic activity. In both inactive Mn oxides and active ones (MnCat), extensive di-m-oxo bridging between Mn ions is observed. However in the MnCat, the voltage-cycling protocol resulted in formation of Mn III sites and prevented formation of well-ordered and unreactive Mn IV O 2 . Structure-function relations in Mn-based wateroxidation catalysts and strategies to design catalytically active Mn-based materials are discussed. Knowledge-guided performance optimization of the MnCat could pave the road for its technological use. Broader contextThreatening global climate changes and unsecured supply of fossil fuels call for a global transition toward sustainable energyconversion systems. The storage of wind or solar energy by formation of energy-rich fuel molecules could play a central role in both transient storage of the intermittently provided energy and replacement of fossil fuels in the transportation sector. Whether hydrogen or a carbon-based fuel is the target, in any event the extraction of reducing equivalents and protons from water (that is, water oxidation) is pivotal. In search of water-oxidation catalysts that ultimately could play a role at a global scale, we and others are aiming at development of simple routes towards formation of Mn-based catalysts. Manganese excels by high availability and low toxicity; and in oxygenic photosynthesis, nature has demonstrated that a Mn-based catalyst can oxidize water efficiently. When aiming at an 'artificial leaf' with a Mn-based catalyst directly coupled to a solar-energy-converting material, the activity of the catalyst (per area) needs to cope with the incoming photon flux. Moreover the device design typically requires the use of benign synthesis and operation conditions, that is, temperatures close to room temperature and pH close to neutral. As an important first step, we report a simple protocol for e...

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“…Water electrolysis is one route to hydrogen production and hydrogen is predicted to have an increasing role as a fuel and energy storage medium in green energy economies [4,5]. There are substantial advantages in employing an alkaline electrolyte for water electrolysis and there are great opportunities for the development of non-precious metal electrocatalysts for both hydrogen and oxygen evolution [6]. Such electrodes must be low cost, stable in the cell operating conditions, robust and operate at high current densities with a low overpotential.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

High surface area coatings for hydrogen evolution cathodes prepared by magnetron sputtering

Zhang

Hampshire

Cooke

et al. 2015

International Journal of Hydrogen Energy

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Available online xxx Keywords:Magnetron sputtering High surface area coatings Catalyst coatingsWater electrolysis a b s t r a c t A novel magnetron sputtering technique is described for the deposition of durable, high surface area metal and alloy deposits (thickness up to several microns) onto nickel and steel substrates. The materials deposited include platinum, nickel, nickel alloys and steels.The structure of the deposits is characterised and it is demonstrated that some high surface area coatings are efficient and effective electrocatalysts for hydrogen evolution in alkaline media and coated mesh electrodes have been tested in a modern water electrolyser configuration.

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Prospects for alkaline zero gap water electrolysers for hydrogen production

Abstract: Available online xxx

Cited by 294 publications

References 131 publications

Hydrogen production by alkaline water electrolysis

Hydrogen production by alkaline water electrolysis

Electrosynthesis, functional, and structural characterization of a water-oxidizing manganese oxide

High surface area coatings for hydrogen evolution cathodes prepared by magnetron sputtering

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