Halogen-free flame retardants for polymeric foams

Modesti, Michele; Lorenzetti, Alessandra

doi:10.1016/s0141-3910(02)00130-1

Cited by 122 publications

(108 citation statements)

References 7 publications

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“…Unfortunately, most of these methods cause fragmentation of the nanotubes which has a major impact on the mechanical properties of the composite [3]. Another interesting carbon filler which improves thermal stability and fire retardancy is graphite [8,9]. However, its addition can lead to a reduction in mechanical properties of the composites [1].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The influence of carbon fillers on the thermal properties of polyurethane foam

Ciecierska

Jurczyk-Kowalska

Bazarnik

et al. 2015

J Therm Anal Calorim

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The aim of this work was to investigate the influence of different types of carbon filler on the thermal stability and flammability of rigid polyurethane foams. As a filler, multi-walled carbon nanotubes and graphite fakes were used. Scanning electron microscopy was used to observe the structure of foam and dispersion of nanofiller in polymer matrix. Thermal stability of these composites was determined by thermogravimetry analysis. Test was carried out under both nitrogen and air atmosphere. The degradation products were evaluated by thermogravimetry (TG) combined with infrared spectroscopy (TG-IR) measurements. The activation energy was measured by the Flynn-Wall-Ozawa method from the TG curves. Flammability tests like limiting oxygen index and smoke density were also measured. No significant changes in the thermal stability of the composites were observed. The activation energy of sample containing carbon filler increased. Based on TG-IR, one can notice that there were no differences in the emitted volatile products during thermal degradation. Carbon filler enhanced fire retardancy of polyurethane foam; however, graphite gives better results.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The influence of carbon fillers on the thermal properties of polyurethane foam

Ciecierska

Jurczyk-Kowalska

Bazarnik

et al. 2015

J Therm Anal Calorim

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“…They give relatively good results, but they are quite expensive. In recent years, EG has been the subject of studies related to lowering the flammability of polymer materials [10][11][12][13][14][15][16]. EG is a product of natural origin that has specific properties.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…As a result of heating above 150-200°C occurs the large volume expansion (about 250 times) of EG (it is formed expanded graphite), according to redox reaction between H 2 SO 4 and graphite. The blowing gases are formed according to the reaction [10,12,14]:…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Thermal and mechanical behaviour of flexible polyurethane foams modified with graphite and phosphorous fillers

2012

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Flexible polyurethane foams (FPF) are polymer materials that have high flammability. Fyrol PNX (FPNX) and expandable graphite (EG), have been used to modify the properties of these materials. The aim of this study was to assess the possibility of improving the thermal stability and flame retardancy of FPF by the addition of FPNX and EG fillers. The prepared foams were characterised by their apparent density, hardness, flexibility, irreversible strain and linear flammability, as well as thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), dynamic mechanical analysis, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR) and pyrolysis combustion flow calorimetry (PCFC) measurements. The apparent density, hardness, flexibility and irreversible strain results showed that the addition of graphite and phosphorous fillers to the FPF makes slight changes to the mechanical properties, which remain within the acceptable norms. It was also observed that reducing the amount of Fyrol PNX and replacing it with the same amount of EG allowed similar values of linear flammability to be obtained with a simultaneous increase in thermal stability, as shown in the TGA study and the PCFC test. Moreover, it was found that the modification of flexible polyurethane foam by the addition of a mixture of FPNX and EG fillers allows the best properties of this type of materials to be obtained. This result indicates that this type of modification could be an effective way to improve the thermal stability of FPF.

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“…It is also possible that cellulose makes some changes in structure of the polymer, which weakness interaction between polymer chains and leads to faster degradation. Better results obtained to FPF?EG, can be related to some kind of the impediment provided by EG, which starts expanding in temperatures between 150 and 200°C and makes decomposition process being harder (low amount of EG used in these studies is not sufficient to form typical char layer and provide the barrier effect) [10].…”

Section: Thermogravimetric Analysis (Tga)mentioning

confidence: 84%

“…In recent years, EG has been applied as a flame retardant additive to refractory coatings, bituminous coatings and fireproof sealings. Much research has been carried out regarding the use of EG as a flame retardant in polymer materials [8][9][10][11][12][13][14][15]. The primary advantage of EG is its low price, high resistance and chemical inertness and lack of risk of interaction with materials or catalysts [16].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Influence of graphite and wood-based fillers on the flammability of flexible polyurethane foams

2012

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The aim of this work was to verify the influence of graphite and wood-based fillers on the flammability of flexible polyurethane foams (FPF). Expandable graphite (EG) and cellulose (C) fillers were added to FPFs to improve their thermal stability and reduce their flammability. Four types of foams have been compared: FPF, FPF with the addition of EG, FPF with the addition of C and FPF with the addition of both fillers. Linear flammability tests and pyrolysis combustion flow calorimetry (PCFC) were performed to assess the flammability of these materials. It was found that the addition of cellulose does not improve the fire reaction, but a combination of both the EG and C fillers mixed together was able to achieve a small reduction in flammability, as confirmed by a linear flammability test and PCFC. The best properties observed by PCFC were from FPFs with EG. Usage of cellulose filler separately is not a good method for the assessment of higher thermal stability and lower flammability of FPFs. Thermal properties were measured by thermogravimetric analysis and dynamic mechanical analysis. These results showed that especially EG addition allows to achieve a positive effect on the thermal stability of the tested materials. Mechanical and physical tests (density, hardness, flexibility and irreversible strain) showed that the presence of graphite or cellulose filler results in changes in the properties of the FPFs, but these changes are not extensive. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy analysis showed that only small changes exist in the chemical structure with the addition of the fillers. The introduction of EG and EG?C fillers into an FPF may reduce its flammability.

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Halogen-free flame retardants for polymeric foams

Cited by 122 publications

References 7 publications

The influence of carbon fillers on the thermal properties of polyurethane foam

The influence of carbon fillers on the thermal properties of polyurethane foam

Thermal and mechanical behaviour of flexible polyurethane foams modified with graphite and phosphorous fillers

Influence of graphite and wood-based fillers on the flammability of flexible polyurethane foams

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