This entry discusses the conditions and places, main thinkers, schools and movements, and impacts and legacies of religious and philosophical thought among ancient Iranian peoples and societies. The period under examination ranges from the second millennium
bce
to the first millennium
ce.
The geographical region covers the areas inhabited by Iranian peoples and therefore extends from Central Asia through present‐day Iran and Iraq. The major schools of thought examined are Zoroastrianism, Manichaeism, and Mandaeism. The impact of these faiths and movements on Judaism, Christianity, and Islam is discussed through tenets such as good versus evil, combat theology, life and death, judgment and afterlife, apocalypse and eschatology, resurrection, and heaven on earth.