Strange Fires, Weird Smokes and Psychoactive Combustibles: Entheogens and Incense in Ancient Traditions

Dannaway, Frederick R

doi:10.1080/02791072.2010.10400711

Cited by 16 publications

(5 citation statements)

References 37 publications

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“…The people of Ancient Greece may not have made routine use of incense in their rituals (Groom 1981), but the practice was possibly adopted around the 6th century B.C.E., as evidenced by the use of frankincense by the Greek philosopher Pythagoras apparently to help him to prophesize (Dannaway 2010). Also around this time, the Pythagorean brotherhood, a secret, religious, political, and educational society, burned incense in their offerings to the gods (Classen et al 1994).…”

Section: Ancient Greece and Romementioning

confidence: 99%

History of Use and Trade of Agarwood

López-Sampson

Page

2018

Econ Bot

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Aromatics originating from the resin-infused infected wood of the Aquilaria and Gyrinops genera have distinct and valued fragrances. Resin formation occurs as a response to internal injury and/or infections in the stems of the agarwood tree. The incenses and perfumes that are produced from agarwood have been valued for centuries and used by many cultures for spiritual, opulent, and aphrodisiac purposes. Agarwood is highly revered in the seminal texts of Hinduism, Christianity, Buddhism, and Islam. As early as 1400 B.C.E., agarwood was described as a fragrant product in Sanskrit texts, and in 65 B.C.E., Dioscorides detailed several medical applications for agarwood. Knowledge of human-induced agarwood formation was recorded in China as early as 300 C.E., where it was known that cutting into a tree would lead to a color change in its internal tissues within a year of the injury as a consequence of resin development. There is historical evidence of international trade in agarwood between the producing (tropical southeastern Asia) and consuming (Middle East, India, China, and Japan) regions of the world. Agarwood has been consumed primarily as incense with the burning of wood chips directly or as an important ingredient for powdered incense blends. The aromatic qualities of agarwood are influenced by the species and variety of the two genera, geographic location, its branch, trunk and root origin, length of time since infection, and methods of harvesting and processing. The subtle but numerous variations in agarwood properties led to the development of systems for product classification and description in several consumer countries. This paper reviews the uses and trade of agarwood and its social, political, and economic significance in human history.

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Section: Ancient Greece and Romementioning

confidence: 99%

History of Use and Trade of Agarwood

López-Sampson

Page

2018

Econ Bot

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“…Frankincense has been used for millennia for its medicinal and aromatic properties, across the ancient and modern worlds. It appears in Ayurvedic and Chinese traditional medicine, in European, Middle Eastern, and indigenous medical traditions, and as a key component of religious ceremonies, making it one of the world's oldest globally‐traded commodities . Frankincense itself is a terpenoid oleo‐gum resin produced by trees in the genus Boswellia , which naturally serves as a deterrent to herbivory, insect attack, infection, and other potential damage .…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Chemical Variation in Essential Oils from the Oleo‐gum Resin of Boswellia carteri: A Preliminary Investigation

DeCarlo

Johnson

Poudel

et al. 2018

Chemistry & Biodiversity

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Frankincense, the oleo-gum resin of Boswellia species, has been an important element of traditional medicine for thousands of years. Frankincense is still used for oral hygiene, to treat wounds, and for its calming effects. Different Boswellia species show different chemical profiles, and B. carteri, in particular, has shown wide variation in essential oil composition. In order to provide insight into the chemical variability in authentic B. carteri oleoresin samples, a hierarchical cluster analysis of 42 chemical compositions of B. carteri oleo-gum resin essential oils has revealed at least three different chemotypes, i) an α-pinene-rich chemotype, ii) an α-thujene-rich chemotype, and iii) a methoxydecane-rich chemotype.

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“…Najčešće su spominjani sljedeći enteogeni: soma u hinduizmu, haoma i konoplja u zoroastrijanizmu, pituri australskih Aboridžina, kykeon eleuzinskih misterija i vinova loza dionizijskih misterija u Grčkoj, benzoin u jugoistočnoj Aziji, čaj u zenu (Smith 1964), gljiva muhara u sibirskom šamanizmu, svete gljive teonanácatl, loza ololiuqiu i kaktus pejotl Azteka u Meksiku, alkohol šamanica u Koreji, ibogain u Africi (Partridge 2005a), ajahuaska u južnoameričkom šamanizmu, gljive u kršćanstvu, manna i shittim u židovstvu (Shannon 2002(Shannon , 2008, te harmal u islamu (Dannaway 2010).…”

Section: Povijesni Kontekst Upotrebe Psihoaktivnih Sredstavaunclassified

Enteogeni: psihoaktivni sastojci nekih rituala i njihova sudbina

Goldberger¹

2017

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Članak se bavi fenomenom upotrebe psihoaktivnih supstanci u nekim ritualima. Uz problem defi nicije droga i srodnih pojmova (psihodelici, halucinogeni, enteogeni), opisuju se mape izmijenjenih stanja svijesti povezanih s njihovom upotrebom, tipovi psihodeličnog iskustva i faktori koji utječu na njih, zatim pojmovi religije/vjere i rituala/ obreda, kojima se određuje pojmovni okvir, te neadekvatno razmatranje tog fenomena u kontekstu Hrvatske. Objašnjava se povijesni i suvremeni kontekst njihove upotrebe u liječenju, šamanizmu, magiji, religiji, ali i duhovnosti, umjetnosti, psihijatriji, psihoterapiji, kontrakulturi i supkulturi mladih. Predstavlja se geografi ja, botanički i kulturni opseg njihovog korištenja, sličnosti i razlike u njihovoj upotrebi i u odgovorima društvenih institucija. Naglašavaju se posljedice i problemi prouzročeni regulacijom upotrebe psihoaktivnih supstanci u suvremenom društvu, poput restriktivnog zakonodavstva, "rata protiv droga", onemogućavanja znanstvenog istraživanja tog fenomena, ali i kršenja ljudskih prava i vjerskih sloboda. U zaključku rada naznačen je istraživački potencijal ove teme i izazova koje ona nudi.Ključne riječi: enteogeni, psihoaktivne supstance, religija, duhovnost, kontrakultura, supkultura, ritual, društvena regulacija UVOD: MAPA PODRUČJA, POJMOVA I ISKUSTVA Neki fenomeni u "uobičajenoj stvarnosti" utječu na razmatranje zatečenog stanja i postojećih obrazaca percepcije, djelovanja i življenja, a mogu biti i dio procesa uključivanja pojedinaca i skupina u šire društvo ili pak njihovog isključivanja. "Neuobičajena stvarnost" (Castaneda 1979) i "ekstaza" (Elijade 1990) izazvana upotrebom psihoaktivnih supstanci u suvremenim društvima svakako je fenomen koji pobuđuje takva pitanja, javne rasprave i sukobe.Neuobičajena stanja svijesti prihvaćaju mnoga društva i kulture. No, dok prihvaćaju i institucionaliziraju neka stanja svijesti, druga zabranjuju te se razlikuju u broju stanja koja Pregledni rad

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Strange Fires, Weird Smokes and Psychoactive Combustibles: Entheogens and Incense in Ancient Traditions

Cited by 16 publications

References 37 publications

History of Use and Trade of Agarwood

History of Use and Trade of Agarwood

Chemical Variation in Essential Oils from the Oleo‐gum Resin of Boswellia carteri: A Preliminary Investigation

Enteogeni: psihoaktivni sastojci nekih rituala i njihova sudbina

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