Haemoglobin A1c: Historical overview and current concepts

Lenters-Westra, Erna; Schindhelm, Roger K.; Bilo, Henk J. G.; Slingerland, R. J.

doi:10.1016/j.diabres.2012.10.007

Cited by 89 publications

(62 citation statements)

References 57 publications

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“…The primary outcome was glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c) level. HbA1c level could determine 3-month average blood sugar level and has been regarded as an essential parameter for judging the degree of glycemic control [16]. Other relevant surrogate markers for glucose management were also applied as our secondary outcomes: (1) fasting and stimulated C-peptide level, (2) daily insulin dosage, and (3) clinical remission rate.…”

Section: Data Sources and Search Strategymentioning

confidence: 99%

Therapeutic Effects of BCG Vaccination on Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials

Chang

Lin

Hsiao

et al. 2020

Journal of Diabetes Research

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Background. Type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM) causes the irreversible destruction of pancreatic beta cells. The Bacillus Calmette-Guerin (BCG) vaccine can modulate the immune response and decelerate disease progression. The aim of this study is to investigate the efficacy of the BCG vaccine for the treatment of T1DM. Objective. Six databases were systematically searched from inception to the end of August 2019. The randomized controlled trials (RCTs) that evaluated glycemic control in response to the BCG vaccine for T1DM were enrolled. The primary outcome was glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c) level, and secondary outcomes included fasting and stimulated C-peptide level, daily insulin dosage, and clinical remission. The revised Cochrane risk of bias tool was used for quality assessment, and meta-analyses were conducted to evaluate the efficacy of the BCG vaccine. Results. Four studies with a total of 198 subjects were included. The results of HbA1c and fasting C-peptide levels were extracted for further quantitative assessment. The pooled meta-analysis demonstrated no significant difference in HbA1c levels (mean difference [MD], −0.12; 95% confidence interval [CI], −0.53 to 0.30; I 2 = 56%) or fasting C-peptide levels (MD, −0.15; 95% CI, −0.35 to 0.06; I 2 = 0%) in the BCG intervention group as compared with that in the placebo group. Conclusions. There is no robust evidence to support the use of the BCG vaccine for the treatment of T1DM although the HbA1c levels tended to improve. Additional RCTs to assess the long-term effects of the BCG vaccine on glycemic control are warranted.

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Section: Data Sources and Search Strategymentioning

confidence: 99%

Therapeutic Effects of BCG Vaccination on Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials

Chang

Lin

Hsiao

et al. 2020

Journal of Diabetes Research

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“…The variants shown in the figure are the general ones; there is a span of variants that could be silent while interfering with HbA1c tests (not shown in figure). Glycation occurs mostly on HbA1 species and some on HbA 0 species; majority of the glycated HbA1 species is the HbA1c fraction [5,12]. Glycation can also occur on the variants as long as the glucose-binding moiety is not affected by the substitution.…”

Section: Plasma-specific Tests Versus Hba1c Test For Diagnosismentioning

confidence: 98%

“…In general, a healthy individuals' hemoglobin can be categorized into the following three groups: HbA (adult hemoglobin, 97%), HbA2 (2.5%) and HbF (fetal hemoglobin, 0.5%) [5]. The majority of HbA is not glycated (approximately 94%), and approximately 6% of HbA can be categorized as glycated hemoglobin [5]. In other words, as the main glycated component (HbA1a and HbA1b together contribute approximately 1%), HbA1c composes approximately 5% of the total hemoglobin in a healthy individual [6] ( Fig.…”

Section: Biological Challenges Encountered In Hba1c Tests: Glycated Hmentioning

confidence: 99%

Current aspects in hemoglobin A1c detection: A review

Ang

Thevarajah

Alias

et al. 2015

Clinica Chimica Acta

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Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is a pressing health issue that threatens global health and the productivity of populations worldwide. Despite its long-recognized role in diabetes management, glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c) only received WHO endorsement as a T2DM diagnostic tool in 2011. Although conventional plasma-specific tests have long been utilized to diagnose T2DM, the public should be informed that plasma-specific tests are not markedly better than HbA1c tests, particularly in terms of variability and convenience for diagnosing diabetes. In the midst of the debates associated with establishing HbA1c as the preeminent diabetes diagnostic tool, unceasing efforts to standardize HbA1c tests have played an integral part in achieving more efficient communication from laboratory to clinical practice and thus better diabetes care. This review discusses the current status of HbA1c tests in the diagnosis, prevention, treatment and management of T2DM across the globe, focusing on increasing the recognition of glycated hemoglobin variants with effective utilization of different HbA1c methods, updating the current status of HbA1c standardization programs, tapping into the potential of POC analyzers to establish a cost-effective HbA1c test for diabetes care, and inspiring the advancement of HbA1c biosensors for future clinical usage.

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“…In addition, biosensors for detecting biomarkers of infectious disease and life style-related diseases have been extensively studied. Glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c) is a typical biomarker that increases as a result of hyperglycemia in diabetic patients [8]. It is worth noting that biomarker proteins often contain hydrocarbon chains on the surfaces (i.e., glycoproteins), for example, CEA, AFP, and HbA1c.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Recent Progress in Electrochemical Biosensors for Glycoproteins

Akiba

Anzai

2016

Sensors

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This review provides an overview of recent progress in the development of electrochemical biosensors for glycoproteins. Electrochemical glycoprotein sensors are constructed by combining metal and carbon electrodes with glycoprotein-selective binding elements including antibodies, lectin, phenylboronic acid and molecularly imprinted polymers. A recent trend in the preparation of glycoprotein sensors is the successful use of nanomaterials such as graphene, carbon nanotube, and metal nanoparticles. These nanomaterials are extremely useful for improving the sensitivity of glycoprotein sensors. This review focuses mainly on the protocols for the preparation of glycoprotein sensors and the materials used. Recent improvements in glycoprotein sensors are discussed by grouping the sensors into several categories based on the materials used as recognition elements.

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Haemoglobin A1c: Historical overview and current concepts

Cited by 89 publications

References 57 publications

Therapeutic Effects of BCG Vaccination on Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials

Therapeutic Effects of BCG Vaccination on Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials

Current aspects in hemoglobin A1c detection: A review

Recent Progress in Electrochemical Biosensors for Glycoproteins

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