HADStress Screen for Posttraumatic Stress

Gulden, Ashley; Westermeyer, Joseph; Lien, Rebecca K.; Spring, Marline; Johnson, David R.; Butcher, James N.; Jaranson, James M.

doi:10.1097/nmd.0b013e3181f49c0a

Cited by 12 publications

(16 citation statements)

References 25 publications

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“…However, we identified a cluster of symptoms that when considered together provide reasonable diagnostic association with PTSD. These findings agree with those of Gulden et al (2010) and Westermeyer et al (2010). We further advanced their findings by identifying a wider range of symptoms, using a military sample, at the population level, and using accepted methods of diagnostic validity.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 78%

“…One research group has explored the ability of physical symptoms to predict PTSD in two small refugee populations: 620 Somali and 512 Ethiopian (Gulden et al, 2010; Westermeyer et al, 2010). An alternative to reporting standard PTSD symptoms was sought with the justification that refugees are reluctant to disclose past traumatic experiences due to a perceived lack of relevance or suppression of traumatic memories due to the emotional responses such as shame, guilt, remorse, grief, or rage (Westermeyer & Wahmenholm, 1989).…”

Section: Physical Symptoms In Predicting Ptsdmentioning

confidence: 99%

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The Value of Physical Symptoms in Screening For Posttraumatic Stress Disorder in the Military

et al. 2019

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Physical symptoms are highly comorbid with posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). As PTSD is underdiagnosed, this study explored the value of self-reported physical symptoms in screening for 30-day PTSD in military personnel. Two physical symptom scales were constructed using items from a 67-item health symptom checklist, clinical interviews were used as the diagnostic reference standard, and diagnostic utility of physical symptoms was compared with the current gold standard screen, the PTSD checklist (PCL). Receiver operating characteristic analyses showed that both a 9-item and a 10-item physical symptom scale were of value in predicting PTSD (areas under the curve 0.81 and 0.85). Importantly, two thirds of PTSD positive personnel missed by the PCL were captured with physical symptoms scales, and when physical symptoms were added to the PCL, prediction was improved (areas under the curve 0.90 to 0.92). Our findings highlight the value of including assessing physical symptoms in PTSD screening.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 78%

Section: Physical Symptoms In Predicting Ptsdmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Value of Physical Symptoms in Screening For Posttraumatic Stress Disorder in the Military

et al. 2019

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“…For example, the sociopolitical contexts in countries of origin differ markedly such that refugees from different parts of the world may have had more difficult premigration experiences or have more difficulty adjusting to the host culture during resettlement. Similarly, refugee men and women may face different issues both pre- and postmigration (e.g., Ellis, MacDonald, Lincoln, & Cabral, 2008; Gulden et al, 2010) as may younger and older refugees (e.g., Papadopoulos, Lees, Lay, & Gebrehiwot, 2004). The relation between resettlement stressor exposure of refugees and the length of stay in the United States appears to depend on both the types of resettlement stressors and the length of stay.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

A longitudinal study of demographic factors associated with stressors and symptoms in African refugees.

Perera

Gavian

Frazier

et al. 2013

American Journal of Orthopsychiatry

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The objectives of this study were to assess differences in premigration, transit, and resettlement stressor exposure and post traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) symptoms as a function of demographic characteristics (i.e., gender, ethnicity, age, time in United States) and to examine the concurrent and longitudinal relations between stressor exposure and PTSD symptoms. The sample consisted of adult (18-78 years) Somali and Oromo refugee men and women (N = 437). Qualitative data regarding participants' self-nominated worst stressors collected at Time 2 (T2) informed the development of quantitative scales assessing premigration, transit, and resettlement stress created using items collected at Time 1 (T1). PTSD symptoms were measured at both T1 and T2. Quantitative analyses showed that levels of stressor exposure and PTSD symptoms differed as a function of refugee demographic characteristics. For example, Oromo, more recent, women, and older refugees reported more premigration and resettlement stressors. Oromo refugees and refugee men reported more PTSD symptoms in regression analyses with other factors controlled. Premigration, transit, and resettlement stressor exposure generally was associated with higher PTSD symptom levels. Results underscore the importance of assessing stress exposure comprehensively throughout the refugee experience and caution against overgeneralizing between and within refugee groups.

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“…A total of 9937 article titles and abstracts were screened, 1739 full-text articles were assessed, and 266 articles were included for analysis (eFigure 1 in Supplement 1). One article was published in 1947 and the rest in 1977 to 2021, with an average increase of 0.25 additional articles published per year from 1977 ...…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Reported Methods, Distributions, and Frequencies of Torture Globally

Milewski,

Weinstein,

Lurie

et al. 2023

JAMA Netw Open

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ImportanceDespite its prohibition by the United Nations Convention against Torture and other international treaties, torture has been perpetrated against countless individuals worldwide, and health care practitioners globally are increasingly encountering refugee torture survivors in their clinical practices. The methods, geographic distribution, and frequency of torture globally are not well described, which limits health care practitioners’ ability to adequately diagnose and treat the sequelae of torture.ObjectiveTo rank the commonness of torture methods and identify the regions of the world with which they are associated.Data SourcesFor this systematic review and meta-analysis, Ovid MEDLINE, Ovid Embase, Web of Science, and The Cochrane Library were searched from inception to July 2021.Study SelectionIncluded studies were peer-reviewed articles in English, contained an independent sample population of individuals who experienced torture, and outlined the type(s) of torture experienced. Excluded studies were not peer reviewed, lacked an independent sample population, or did not specify torture methods. Articles were chosen for inclusion by 2 independent and blinded reviewers, and a third, independent reviewer resolved discrepancies. Overall, 266 articles—15.3% of the 1739 studies initially identified for full review—met the inclusion criteria.Data Extraction and SynthesisData abstraction and quality assessment followed the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses guidelines. Data were extracted by 2 independent and blinded reviewers into predefined templates, and a third, independent reviewer resolved discrepancies. The risk of bias was evaluated using the Downs and Black Checklist.Main Outcomes and MeasuresTorture methods were ranked by their average frequencies, numbers of reporting studies, and numbers of countries wherein the methods occurred.ResultsA total of 9937 titles and abstracts were screened, and 266 studies encompassing 103 604 individuals (13 350 men, 5610 women, and 84 644 unspecified) were analyzed. Torture was reported for 105 countries; 21 methods accounted for 84% of all reported methods and 10 methods accounted for 78% of all physical tortures. The top 3 methods were beating or blunt-force trauma (reported in 208 studies and 59 countries; average frequency, 62.4%; 95% CI, 57.7%-67.1%), electrical torture (reported in 114 studies and 28 countries; average frequency, 17.2%; 95% CI, 15.0%-19.4%), and starvation or dehydration (reported in 65 studies in 26 countries; average frequency, 12.7%; 95% CI, 10.2%-15.2%). According to the Downs and Black appraisal tool, 50 studies were rated as good or excellent and 216 as fair or poor.Conclusions and RelevanceThe findings of this study suggest that torture remains widespread. Although innumerable torture methods exist, a limited number account for the vast majority of reported tortures. So that targeted therapies may be developed, additional investigation is needed to better elucidate the sequelae associated with the most common torture methods, described here.

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HADStress Screen for Posttraumatic Stress

Cited by 12 publications

References 25 publications

The Value of Physical Symptoms in Screening For Posttraumatic Stress Disorder in the Military

The Value of Physical Symptoms in Screening For Posttraumatic Stress Disorder in the Military

A longitudinal study of demographic factors associated with stressors and symptoms in African refugees.

Reported Methods, Distributions, and Frequencies of Torture Globally

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