Habitat Characteristics of Magnolia Based on Spatial Analysis: Landscape Protection to Conserve Endemic and Endangered Magnolia sulawesiana Brambach, Noot., and Culmsee

Abstract

Based on habitat preferences, in this study, we investigated the spatial distribution of the Magnolia genus in the northern part of Sulawesi. Habitat characteristics, especially temperature, precipitation, and topography, were determined using spatial analysis. The temperature and precipitation datasets were obtained from WorldClim BIO Variables V1, and topographical data were obtained from the Google Earth Engine. Data collection began in 2008–2009 and was completed in 2019–2020. In total, we analyzed 786 waypoints. The genus distribution was then predicted based on the most suitable habitat characteristics and mapped spatially. This study confirmed that Magnolia spp. distribution is affected by the annual temperature range, precipitation seasonality, and elevation. We discovered endemic and endangered species, Magnolia sulawesiana Brambach, Noot., and Culmsee, that were previously distributed exclusively in the central part of Sulawesi. Five waypoints of the endemic species were found in the conservation area of the Gunung Ambang Nature Reserve and on the border of Bogani Nani Wartabone Nation Park. In general, M. sulawesiana is distributed at higher elevations than other Magnolia species. This study provides a scientific basis for forest officers to develop in-situ and ex-situ conservation strategies and landscape protection measures to maintain the sustainable use of the genus, especially the sustainability of endemic species.

Local wisdom in conserving Magnolia sulawesiana the endemic and endangered tree species in Sulawesi, Indonesia

“…Implementing agroforestry systems will differ depending on several factors, including preferences for the type of commodity to be planted, market demand, and local wisdom of the local community. For example, in West Timor's agroforestry system, farmers cultivate crops based on altitude and water availability [1,9]. Additionally, water availability determines crop types and rotation patterns in a given region [10,11].…”

“…grow under a similar land surface temperature, isothermality, and diurnal temperature range. However, they have different ranges for the rest of the indicators in Sulawesi [1]. This species is one of the superior local species in North Sulawesi, which has long been traded in the form of logs and sawn timber.…”

Geographical Distribution, Chemical Constituents, and Activity Profile of Magnolia

“…The Liriodendron (often known as tulip tree) genus is divided into three subgenus groups within the Magnolioideae subfamily, including two Liriodendron species (Kinho et al, 2022). The List of Magnoliaceae has 280 listed species of magnolia, 125 of which are designated for exceptional preservation.…”

Analisis Vegetasi Model Hutan Kota: Studi Kasus KHDTK Cikampek di Purwakarta, Jawa Barat (Vegetation Analysis of Urban Forest Model: A Case Study of KHDTK Cikampek in Purwakarta, West Java)

“…M. sulawesiana dinyatakan terancam punah akibat penggunaan berlebih. Jenis ini kini ditemukan di kawasan konservasi (Kinho et al, 2022). T. verrucosum mempunyai daya serap CO2 yang tinggi (Oktebriyani et al, 2019).…”