Gynecomastia. The origins of mammary swelling in the male: An analysis of 406 patients with breast hypertrophy, 525 with testicular tumors, and 13 with adrenal neoplasms

Treves, Norman

doi:10.1002/1097-0142(195811/12)11:6<1083::aid-cncr2820110602>3.0.co;2-9

Cited by 66 publications

(24 citation statements)

References 41 publications

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“…Currently, the College of American Pathologists does not offer any formal guidelines regarding the examination of gynecomastia tissue and yet classifies gynecomastia as a "purely benign condition." 6 Despite this, 22 major children's hospitals, including the institutions involved in this study and some of the top children's hospitals in the nation (based on U.S. News & World Report), all routinely perform Kapila et al 39 163 Atypia (4) Lilleng et al 13 162 No Olsson et al 8 73 No Bannayan and Hajdu 22 50 No Pensler et al 10 34 No Hanavadi et al 7 31 No Bower et al 19 23 No Jimenez et al 29 15 No Peters et al 12 11 No Hamer 20 9 N o Lee et al 15 7 N o Das et al 41 5 N o Courtiss 17 4 N o Scheike and Visfeldt 21 3 N o Pacinda and Ramzy 11 3 N o Treves 31 3 N o Marynick et al 18 1 N o Schnurbusch 30 1 N o Grinberg 27 1 N o Haagensen 25 1 N o Snoga et al 24 1 N o Goldfine et al 23 1 N o Samdal et al 14 1 N o Yoshida et al 9 1 N o Menville 26 1 N o Olcay and Gokoz 28 1 N o Hughes 32 1 N o De Potter et al 16 1 N o Prasad et al 35 1 Atypia (1) Corroppolo et al 34 1 Cancer (1) Fodor 38 1 Cancer (1) Kavalakat et al 36 1 Cancer (1) Wilson et al 37 1 Cancer (1) Wadie et al 40 1 Cancer (1) Chang et al 33 1…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Breast Cancer Incidence in Adolescent Males Undergoing Subcutaneous Mastectomy for Gynecomastia: Is Pathologic Examination Justified? A Retrospective and Literature Review

Koshy

Goldberg

Wolfswinkel

et al. 2011

Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery

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The incidence of malignancy or abnormal pathology associated with gynecomastia tissue in the adolescent male is extremely low, and given the associated costs, the pathologic examination of breast tissue excised for gynecomastia in individuals 21 years of age or younger should be neither routinely performed nor required but should be performed only when desired by either the patient, the patient's family, or the managing physician.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Breast Cancer Incidence in Adolescent Males Undergoing Subcutaneous Mastectomy for Gynecomastia: Is Pathologic Examination Justified? A Retrospective and Literature Review

Koshy

Goldberg

Wolfswinkel

et al. 2011

Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery

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“…It has been suggested that testicular and adrenal stimulation by the circulatory gonadotrophins is responsible (Fusco and Rosen, 1966;Cottrell et al, 1969), but Kirschner, Cohen and Jespersen (1974) raised the possibility that the tumour itself released oestrogens. Whether gynaecomastia develops directly as a result of the tumour secreting oestrogens, gonadotrophins, androgens or thyroid hormones or through hormones elaborated by secondary stimulation of end organs is speculative (Bannayan and Hajdu, 1972;Treves, 1958). This patient had no clinical evidence to suggest elaboration of other hormones.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 92%

Gynaecomastia associated with gonadotrophin-secreting carcinoma of the lung

Fairlamb

Boesen

1977

Postgraduate Medical Journal

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Summary A 67-year-old man developed dermatomyositis. Investigation revealed an oat cell carcinoma of the lung. When he developed unilateral gynaecomastia this tumour was found to secrete gonadotrophins. The gynaecomastia disappeared after treatment with an anti-oestrogen--tamoxifen. This use of tamoxifen has not previously been described. Partial tumour regression was obtained with several cytotoxic drug regimes. His dermatomyositis responded to this treatment and remains in remission.

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“…46). Genetic males with complete androgen insensitivity syndrome are androgen-resistant and usually develop morphologically normal breasts comparable to mature females (47)(48)(49), supporting the observation that AR-mediated suppression of breast development is a physiological factor suppressing full mammary development in men (30,50). However, pharmacological studies using different exogenous androgens and androgen antagonists have produced conflicting results depending on whether the steroid was aromatizable and dosage given (14,15,(51)(52)(53)(54).…”

mentioning

confidence: 91%

Androgen Receptor Inactivation Resulted in Acceleration in Pubertal Mammary Gland Growth, Upregulation of ERα Expression, and Wnt/β-Catenin Signaling in Female Mice

et al. 2014

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The androgen receptor (AR) is widely expressed in mammary cells of female mammals including humans and mice, indicating a possible role for AR-mediated androgen actions in breast development, function, and pathology, although the specific mechanisms remain unclear. To elucidate the mechanisms of androgen action in mammary gland physiology and development, we used AR-knockout (AR(Δex3)KO) female mice with a universally expressed, transcriptionally inactive AR protein harboring an in-frame deletion of its second zinc finger. Although in sexually mature wild-type (WT) and AR(ex3Δ)KO females, the mammary epithelial growth was fully extended to the edge of the fat pad, during puberty, AR(ex3Δ)KO females exhibit significantly accelerated mammary ductal growth and an increased number of terminal end buds compared with WT females. Accelerated AR(ex3Δ)KO female mammary growth was associated with significantly increased mammary epithelial ERα expression and activated Wnt/β-catenin signaling as shown by increased Wnt4 expression and accumulation of nuclear β-catenin. These findings are consistent with increased mammary estrogen exposure although ovarian estradiol content was unchanged compared with WT females. Furthermore, treatment with the potent pure androgen DHT markedly reduced ductal extension and terminal end bud numbers in WT but not in AR(Δex3)KO females, further supporting the concept that AR-mediated, androgen-induced suppression of murine mammary growth is a physiological characteristic of puberty. In summary, our findings reveal an inhibitory role of AR-mediated androgen actions in pubertal mammary gland development by reducing epithelial cell proliferation and could be mediated by regulation of Wnt/β-catenin signaling.

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Gynecomastia. The origins of mammary swelling in the male: An analysis of 406 patients with breast hypertrophy, 525 with testicular tumors, and 13 with adrenal neoplasms

Cited by 66 publications

References 41 publications

Breast Cancer Incidence in Adolescent Males Undergoing Subcutaneous Mastectomy for Gynecomastia: Is Pathologic Examination Justified? A Retrospective and Literature Review

Breast Cancer Incidence in Adolescent Males Undergoing Subcutaneous Mastectomy for Gynecomastia: Is Pathologic Examination Justified? A Retrospective and Literature Review

Gynaecomastia associated with gonadotrophin-secreting carcinoma of the lung

Androgen Receptor Inactivation Resulted in Acceleration in Pubertal Mammary Gland Growth, Upregulation of ERα Expression, and Wnt/β-Catenin Signaling in Female Mice

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