Gynecomastia

Abstract

Gynecomastia is common and may be asymptomatic. In most cases, a thorough history and physical examination, along with limited laboratory investigations, can help to exclude breast malignancy and serious underlying endocrine or systemic disease. Careful clinical observation may be all that is required in many cases, because gynecomastia often resolves spontaneously. Because gynecomastia is usually caused by an imbalance of androgenic and estrogenic effects on the breast, medical therapy may include antiestrogens, androgens, or aromatase inhibitors. Surgery is useful in the management of patients with long-standing symptomatic gynecomastia or when medical therapy is not successful.

Plasma Phthalate Levels in Pubertal Gynecomastia

“…Therefore, plasma hormone level determination was made only from some of the pubertal gynecomastia cases according the algorithms. 2,33 All hormone levels were within the normal range and no relationship between DEHP or MEHP levels and thyrotropin, LH, FSH, total testosterone, free testosterone, FT3, FT4, and SHBG were found. A negative significant relationship between plasma DEHP levels and DHEA-S was found.…”

“…Estrogens stimulate and androgens inhibit breast tissue proliferation; pubertal gynecomastia is usually caused by an imbalance between these 2 factors, which may be attributable to excessive estrogen activity, deficient androgen activity, increased aromatase enzyme activity, or a combination of these effects on breast tissue. 2 Phthalates, esters of a-phthalic acid, are a group of industrial chemicals with many commercial uses, including personal-care products (eg, perfumes, lotions, cosmetics), paints, building materials, household furnishings, clothing, dentures, children's toys, cleaning materials, insecticides, and most commonly as plasticizers in the food, certain medical devices, and pharmaceuticals. [3][4][5][6] Di-(2-ethylhexyl)-phthalate (DEHP) is one of the most widespread phthalate plasticizers.…”

The Comparative Analysis of the Ultrasonic Examination and Х-Ray Mammography of the Men With Mass Pathology in the Mammary Gland Projection

“…В литературных источни-ках выявлено, что 30-70 % случаев рака грудной же-лезы у мужчин диагностировано на фоне узловой (очаго вой) формы гинекомастии [1,2]. Считается, что рак грудной железы прогностически гораздо более патогенен и имеет больший процент метастазирования и смертности в пересчете на онкологическую патоло-гию молочной железы у женщин [3]. Представляя со-бой серьезный косметический дефект, гинекомастия затрудняет своевременную диагностику рака грудной железы у мужчин.…”

“…Повышение васкуляризации грудной железы, выявля-емое методами количественных характеристик спект-рального анализа кровотока, ассоциируется с процес-сом малигнизации. Предположить злокачественный характер опухоли возможно при выявлении вокруг или внутри нее сосудистых структур [3,5,7]. По на-шим наблюдениям, усиление кровотока выявлялось в части узловых форм гинекомастии -у 58 (31,5 %) больных и не было отмечено в нескольких случаях ра-ка -у 4 (36,4 %) пациентов (рис.…”

Pubertal jinekomasti

“…Fibrotik faz›nda medikal tedavinin etkin olmad›¤› bildirilmektedir. Testosteron, dihidrotestosteron, testolakton, danozol, tamoksifen, klomifen sitrat, anastrozol, raloksifen gibi farkl› medikal tedavi yaklafl›mlar› denenmifl fakl› sonuçlar elde edilmifltir (3,4,6,(10)(11)(12)(13)(14). Ancak flu ana kadar pubertal jinekomasti tedavisinde onaylanm›fl bir ilaç hala yoktur.…”