Gut microbiota and the human gut physiological changes

Abstract

Background The human gut can be colonized by number of microorganisms. The most studied are bacteria, which changes from birth to newborn born into adult-like gut microbiota. Much is known about the effects of dietary, medications, and lifestyles on the bacterial composition. However, the host physiological changes influencing the gut microbiota, the immediate consequences, and the possible gut microbiota therapy are not studied at length. This review is based profoundly on animal model studies through experimentation and some human clinical trials for the past 20 years. Forward The physiological factors studied to influences gut microbiota are bacterial mucosal receptors, mucin glycosylation, mucus, epithelial microvilli, and tight junction. Host secretions and immune response such as immunity, secretory A (sIgA), inflammasome, innate immunity, immune response, glycans, bile acids, peristalsis, microRNA, and adhesion to intestinal glycans are as well found to confer variety of alterations on gut microbial flora. Conclusion Despite the resilience of the gut microbiota in response to changes, chain of events causes the imbalance microbiota. Increased pro-inflammatory potential with the help of cell barriers, host secretions, and immune response mediate gut recovery.

Pathogenicity of Salmonella During Schistosoma-Salmonella Co-infections and the Importance of the Gut Microbiota

“…Commensal microorganisms called gut microbiota are vast number of organism living gastrointestinal (GI) tract of vertebrates. Their functions range from maintenance of energy balance, nutrition and host immunity [ 37 ], and the production of antimicrobial products, bacteriophages deployment and enhancing gut barrier integrity [ 38 ]. A healthy gut microbiome is a critical defence against colonization of pathogenic or exogenous microorganisms.…”

The varying effects of antibiotics on gut microbiota

“…These come with number of health hazardous consequences. Even though antibiotics are saving millions of lives, they are as well reducing residential bacteria and these bacteria are crucial for a healthy gut (Bajinka et al 2020a , b ). Physicians will prescribe broad spectrum antibiotics, often when the pathogen is unknown.…”

“…Cutting-edge researches have established the dysbiosis in the gut flora and the period of recovery due to the use of antibiotics and other drugs. While antibiotics are much studied, an account on the degree of varying effects on gut microbial alteration caused by non-antibiotics are also studied (Bajinka et al 2020a , b ). The use and or the application of other drugs, orally as medication, use on agriculture, gut recovery and healing are looked into, to give evidence based findings.…”

“…Among these, infants and young children are at an increased risk of asthma and weight gain in adults (Vogt and Finlay 2017 ; Cox and Blaser 2015 ). Overuse of antibiotic promotes colonization of Clostridium difficile , an opportunistic pathogen causing antibiotic-associated diarrhea (Bajinka et al 2020a , b ; Theriot et al 2014 ). It leads to reduction in microbial diversity among intestinal flora (dysbiosis) (Dethlefsen and Relman 2011 ; Zaura et al 2015 ; Rashid et al 2015 ).…”

“…Antibiotics are inevitable in today’s fight against infectious diseases. However, a high dosage is used in order to be strategic and productive (Bajinka et al 2020b ). One explorative study in humans showed devastating results; β-lactam intravenous therapy consisting of ampicillin, sulbactam and cefazolin do not only disrupt the microbial ecology but also the production of strong metabolites are affected (Bajinka et al 2020a ).…”