Gunneraceae

Wilkinson, Hazel P.; Wanntorp, Livia

doi:10.1007/978-3-540-32219-1_21

Cited by 4 publications

(13 citation statements)

References 18 publications

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“…Some Gunnera species (Gunneraceae) may have a single stamen and thus monosymmetry by simplicity (reduction) (Rutishauser et al, 2004;Wilkinson & Wanntorp, 2007). Dilleniales.…”

Section: Core Eudicotsmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Immense Diversity of Floral Monosymmetry and Asymmetry Across Angiosperms

Endress

2012

Bot. Rev.

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Floral monosymmetry and asymmetry are traced through the angiosperm orders and families. Both are diverse and widespread in angiosperms. The systematic distribution of the different forms of monosymmetry and asymmetry indicates that both evolved numerous times. Elaborate forms occur in highly synorganized flowers. Less elaborate forms occur by curvature of organs and by simplicity with minimal organ numbers. Elaborate forms of asymmetry evolved from elaborate monosymmetry. Less elaborate form come about by curvature or torsion of organs, by imbricate aestivation of perianth organs, or also by simplicity. Floral monosymmetry appears to be a key innovation in some groups (e.g., Orchidaceae, Fabaceae, Lamiales), but not in others. Floral asymmetry appears as a key innovation in Phaseoleae (Fabaceae). Simple patterns of monosymmetry appear easily "reverted" to polysymmetry, whereas elaborate monosymmetry is difficult to lose without disruption of floral function (e.g., Orchidaceae). Monosymmetry and asymmetry can be expressed at different stages of floral (and fruit) development and may be transient in some taxa. The two symmetries are most common in bee-pollinated flowers, and appear to be especially prone to develop in some specialized biological situations: monosymmetry, e.g., with buzz-pollinated flowers or with oil flowers, and asymmetry also with buzz-pollinated flowers, both based on the particular collection mechanisms by the pollinating bees. Floral monosymmetry has developed into a model trait in evo-devo studies, whereas floral asymmetry to date has not been tackled in molecular genetic studies.

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“…Some Gunnera species (Gunneraceae) may have a single stamen and thus monosymmetry by simplicity (reduction) (Rutishauser et al, 2004;Wilkinson & Wanntorp, 2007). Dilleniales.…”

Section: Core Eudicotsmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Immense Diversity of Floral Monosymmetry and Asymmetry Across Angiosperms

Endress

2012

Bot. Rev.

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“…The ovule is anatropous (completely inverted), bitegmic (possessing two integuments) and crassinucellate (with one or more layers of cells outside the embryo sac but distinct from the epidermis), and the micropyle is only formed by the inner integument (Wilkinson & Wanntorp ).…”

Section: Floral and Seed Charactersmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…). The pollen grains of G. tinctoria are two‐celled at anthesis (Wilkinson & Wanntorp ). Gunnera tinctoria possesses a plesiomorphic type of pollen (type 2; Wanntorp, Praglowski & Grafström ), which is characterized by round and equidimensional lumina encircled by muri that are generally thicker than the diameter of the lumina (Wanntorp, Dettmann & Jarzen ).…”

Section: Floral and Seed Charactersmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The species is edible and it has been reported to have medicinal properties (Hedrick ; Ladio, Lozada & Weigandta ); this has to be reconciled with reports of elevated levels of the neurotoxin BMAA in symbiotic tissues (). Young leaf stalks are reported to be slightly acid and refreshing (Reiche ) and eaten by the local communities in South America (Ladio & Lozada ) as salads (‘nalca’; Wilkinson & Wanntorp ). de Medeiros et al .…”

Section: Historymentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Petioles reddish‐purple, except in very young plants, 18–100 cm, polystelic. Leaves deciduous, 30–200 cm in diameter, orbicular and palmately lobed, with unicellular, glandular hairs on the upper leaf surface and with non‐glandular prickles on the petioles and larger veins of the lower leaf surface (Wilkinson & Wanntorp ). Inflorescence a robust panicle, three to four per plant, up to 100 cm, predominantly hermaphrodite near the apex and female at the base (Webb, Sykes & Garnock‐Jones ; Pena ; González & Bello ).…”

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confidence: 99%

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Biological Flora of theBritishIsles:Gunnera tinctoria

Gioria

2012

Journal of Ecology

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Summary1. This account presents information on all aspects of the biology of Gunnera tinctoria (Molina) Mirb. (G. chilensis Lam.; G. scabra Ruix & Pav.; G. pilosa Kunth) that are relevant to understanding its ecological characteristics and behaviour. The main topics are presented within the standard framework of the Biological Flora of the British Isles: distribution, habitat, communities, responses to biotic factors, responses to environment, structure and physiology, phenology, floral and seed characters, herbivores and disease, history and conservation. 2. Gunnera tinctoria is a gynomonoecious, clonal, perennial herb that is naturalized in parts of Britain, becoming invasive in parts of Ireland and, more recently, Scotland. It occurs where winter temperatures are mild, and precipitation and humidity are high. Gunnera tinctoria is native to South America, predominantly in the Andean region of Chile and Colombia, and probably in parts of Argentina, ranging from sea level to c. 2000 m a.s.l. 3. Typical habitats in Britain and Ireland include stream and river banks, lake and pond margins, coastal cliffs, as well as disturbed areas, such as roadsides, quarries and ditches. In its native range it occurs predominantly on the banks of rivers and streams, on coastal cliffs and within canopy gaps or at the margins of temperate-humid rain forests. 4. Gunnera tinctoria occurs on a variety of substrates, mainly on alluvial or colluvial soils derived from volcanic material or on thin gley soils of marine origin. In Ireland, it occurs naturally on soils with a pH ranging from 4.6 to 6.2 and has been cultivated in soils with a pH up to 7. Soil moisture content and soil organic matter vary greatly, although it rarely colonizes highly organic soils such as peat. It is susceptible to even mild water deficits at all stages of development, and its seedlings are also sensitive to waterlogged conditions. 5. Gunnera tinctoria produces large numbers of seeds and also spreads clonally, by a horizontal rhizome system. It is wind pollinated, although insect pollination has been reported in New Zealand. Seeds are likely to be predominantly water and/or bird dispersed. In its invasive range, it can form a large and persistent soil seed bank. Recruitment from seeds seems to be important for its initial establishment, while vegetative propagation is the main means of expansion, leading to dense clonal stands. Long-distance seed dispersal seems to be central to the colonization of new areas, although the transport of vegetative propagules may also be important. 6. Gunnera tinctoria is a strong competitor in its invasive range, particularly in wet, humid environments. Its competitive ability arises from its large stature, the persistence of its seeds and rhizomes and a capacity for fixing nitrogen through a unique intracellular symbiosis with cyanobacteria (Nostoc) that may be particularly important for supporting the rapid growth of established plants early in the spring.

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Intra-individual variation of flowers inGunnerasubgenusPanke(Gunneraceae) and proposed apomorphies for Gunnerales

González

Bello

2009

Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society

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A study of inflorescence and flower development in 12 species from four of the six subgenera of Gunnera (Gunneraceae) was carried out. In the species of subgenus Panke, initiation of floral apices along the partial inflorescences is acropetal but ends up in the late formation of a terminal flower, forming a cyme at maturity. The terminal flower is the largest and the most complete in terms of merosity and number of whorls and thus it is the most diagnostic in terms of species-level taxonomy. The lateral flowers undergo a basipetal gradient of organ reduction along the inflorescence, ranging from bisexual flowers (towards the distal region) to functionally (i.e. with staminodia) and structurally female flowers (towards the proximal region). Our results show that the terminal structure in Gunnera is a flower rather than a pseudanthium. The terminal flower is disymmetric, dimerous and bisexual, representing the common bauplan for Gunnera flowers. It has a differentiated perianth with two sepals and two alternate petals, the latter opposite the stamens and carpels. Comparisons with other members of the core eudicots with labile floral construction are addressed. We propose vegetative and floral putative synapomorphies for the sister-group relationship between Gunneraceae and Myrothamnaceae.

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Gunneraceae

Cited by 4 publications

References 18 publications

The Immense Diversity of Floral Monosymmetry and Asymmetry Across Angiosperms

The Immense Diversity of Floral Monosymmetry and Asymmetry Across Angiosperms

Biological Flora of theBritishIsles:Gunnera tinctoria

Intra-individual variation of flowers inGunnerasubgenusPanke(Gunneraceae) and proposed apomorphies for Gunnerales

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