Intra-individual variation of flowers in<i>Gunnera</i>subgenus<i>Panke</i>(Gunneraceae) and proposed apomorphies for Gunnerales

González, Favio; Bello, María Angélica

doi:10.1111/j.1095-8339.2009.00974.x

Cited by 16 publications

(25 citation statements)

References 65 publications

(153 reference statements)

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“…Other early-diverging eudicots have a simple, bipartite, valvate perianth (Proteaceae), or the perianth is undifferentiated, reduced, or absent and the delimitation of flowers is often unclear (see Drinnan et al 1994, von Balthazar & Endress 2002, Wanntorp & Ronse De Craene 2005, González & Bello 2009). In Platanaceae the perianth is probably in a state of reduction linked to a shift from insect to wind pollination (e.g.…”

Section: Perianth In the Early Diverging Eudicotsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…covering the rest of the flower. Gunnera shows the same tendency for reduction as the other taxa of the basal grade leading to the core eudicots, and it is not possible to consider the floral configuration in Gunneraceae to be the structural basis for the bipartite perianth of the core eudicots (Wanntorp & Ronse De Craene 2005, González & Bello 2009). The flow-ers of Gunneraceae may be the result of previous reductions and may become pseudanthial assemblages, which tend to culminate in some almost perianthless species, such as Gunnera herteri (Rutishauser et al 2004).…”

Section: Perianth In the Early Diverging Eudicotsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The flow-ers of Gunneraceae may be the result of previous reductions and may become pseudanthial assemblages, which tend to culminate in some almost perianthless species, such as Gunnera herteri (Rutishauser et al 2004). The arrangement of the perianth parts (ideally four in a dimerous-tetramerous decussate pattern opposite carpels or stamens) is strikingly similar in Buxaceae, Tetracentron and Gunnera, and there is no substantial difference between the perianth structures of Gunnera and its sister group Myrothamnus (Wanntorp & Ronse De Craene 2005, González & Bello 2009). However, unlike Gunneraceae, the perianth of Myrothamnus is only loosely integrated (described as functionally and morphologically transitional structures or 'Hochblätter' by Jäger-Zürn 1966).…”

Section: Perianth In the Early Diverging Eudicotsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Soltis et al 2003) is structurally difficult because of highly different floral morphologies. However, either these flowers existed in the ancestors of core eudicots González & Bello 2009). This interpretation appears less parsimonious, although we may not have sufficiently filled in the 'missing links'.…”

Section: Perianth In the Early Diverging Eudicotsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Origin and evolution of petals in angiosperms

Craene

2013

Plecevo

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REVIEWBackground and aims -The term 'petal' is loosely applied to a variety of showy non-homologous structures, generally situated in the second whorl of a differentiated perianth. Petaloid organs are extremely diverse throughout angiosperms with repeated derivations of petals, either by differentiation of a perianth, or derived from staminodes. The field of evo-devo has prompted re-analysis of concepts of homology and analogy amongst petals. Here the progress and challenges in understanding the nature of petals are reviewed in light of an influx of new data from phylogenetics, morphology and molecular genetics. Method and results -The complex web of homology concepts and criteria is discussed in connection to the petals, and terminology is subsequently defined. The variation and evolution of the perianth is then reviewed for the major clades of angiosperms. From this pan-angiosperm variation, we highlight and discuss several recurrent themes that complicate our ability to discern the evolution of the petal. In particular we emphasise the importance of developmental constraint, environmental stimuli, interrelationship between organs and cyclic patterns of loss and secondary gain of organs, and the development of a hypanthium or corona.Conclusions -A flexible approach to understanding 'petals' is proposed requiring consideration of the origin of the floral organ (stamen-derived or tepal-derived, or other), the functional role (sepaloid or petaloid organs), evolutionary history of the organismal lineage, and consideration of developmental forces acting on the whole flower. The variety and complex evolutionary history of the perianth may necessitate the exploration of petal development within phylogenetically quite restricted groups, combining data from morphology with evo-devo.

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Section: Perianth In the Early Diverging Eudicotsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Perianth In the Early Diverging Eudicotsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Perianth In the Early Diverging Eudicotsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Perianth In the Early Diverging Eudicotsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Origin and evolution of petals in angiosperms

Craene

2013

Plecevo

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“…Leaves deciduous, 30–200 cm in diameter, orbicular and palmately lobed, with unicellular, glandular hairs on the upper leaf surface and with non‐glandular prickles on the petioles and larger veins of the lower leaf surface (Wilkinson & Wanntorp ). Inflorescence a robust panicle, three to four per plant, up to 100 cm, predominantly hermaphrodite near the apex and female at the base (Webb, Sykes & Garnock‐Jones ; Pena ; González & Bello ). Individual flowers totalling hundreds of thousands per plant, sessile, regularly distributed on inflorescences.…”

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confidence: 99%

Biological Flora of the British Isles: Gunnera tinctoria

Gioria

2012

Journal of Ecology

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Summary1. This account presents information on all aspects of the biology of Gunnera tinctoria (Molina) Mirb. (G. chilensis Lam.; G. scabra Ruix & Pav.; G. pilosa Kunth) that are relevant to understanding its ecological characteristics and behaviour. The main topics are presented within the standard framework of the Biological Flora of the British Isles: distribution, habitat, communities, responses to biotic factors, responses to environment, structure and physiology, phenology, floral and seed characters, herbivores and disease, history and conservation. 2. Gunnera tinctoria is a gynomonoecious, clonal, perennial herb that is naturalized in parts of Britain, becoming invasive in parts of Ireland and, more recently, Scotland. It occurs where winter temperatures are mild, and precipitation and humidity are high. Gunnera tinctoria is native to South America, predominantly in the Andean region of Chile and Colombia, and probably in parts of Argentina, ranging from sea level to c. 2000 m a.s.l. 3. Typical habitats in Britain and Ireland include stream and river banks, lake and pond margins, coastal cliffs, as well as disturbed areas, such as roadsides, quarries and ditches. In its native range it occurs predominantly on the banks of rivers and streams, on coastal cliffs and within canopy gaps or at the margins of temperate-humid rain forests. 4. Gunnera tinctoria occurs on a variety of substrates, mainly on alluvial or colluvial soils derived from volcanic material or on thin gley soils of marine origin. In Ireland, it occurs naturally on soils with a pH ranging from 4.6 to 6.2 and has been cultivated in soils with a pH up to 7. Soil moisture content and soil organic matter vary greatly, although it rarely colonizes highly organic soils such as peat. It is susceptible to even mild water deficits at all stages of development, and its seedlings are also sensitive to waterlogged conditions. 5. Gunnera tinctoria produces large numbers of seeds and also spreads clonally, by a horizontal rhizome system. It is wind pollinated, although insect pollination has been reported in New Zealand. Seeds are likely to be predominantly water and/or bird dispersed. In its invasive range, it can form a large and persistent soil seed bank. Recruitment from seeds seems to be important for its initial establishment, while vegetative propagation is the main means of expansion, leading to dense clonal stands. Long-distance seed dispersal seems to be central to the colonization of new areas, although the transport of vegetative propagules may also be important. 6. Gunnera tinctoria is a strong competitor in its invasive range, particularly in wet, humid environments. Its competitive ability arises from its large stature, the persistence of its seeds and rhizomes and a capacity for fixing nitrogen through a unique intracellular symbiosis with cyanobacteria (Nostoc) that may be particularly important for supporting the rapid growth of established plants early in the spring.

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Using soil seed banks to assess temporal patterns of genetic variation in invasive plant populations

Fennell

Gallagher

Vintró

et al. 2014

Ecology and Evolution

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Most research on the genetics of invasive plant species has focused on analyzing spatial differences among existing populations. Using a long-established Gunnera tinctoria population from Ireland, we evaluated the potential of using plants derived from seeds associated with different soil layers to track genetic variation through time. This species and site were chosen because (1) G. tinctoria produces a large and persistent seed bank; (2) it has been present in this locality, Sraheens, for ∼90 years; (3) the soil is largely undisturbed; and (4) the soil's age can be reliably determined radiometrically at different depths. Amplified fragment length polymorphic markers (AFLPs) were used to assess differences in the genetic structure of 75 individuals sampled from both the standing population and from four soil layers, which spanned 18 cm (estimated at ∼90 years based on 210Pb and 137Cs dating). While there are difficulties in interpreting such data, including accounting for the effects of selection, seed loss, and seed migration, a clear pattern of lower total allele counts, percentage polymorphic loci, and genetic diversity was observed in deeper soils. The greatest percentage increase in the measured genetic variables occurred prior to the shift from the lag to the exponential range expansion phases and may be of adaptive significance. These findings highlight that seed banks in areas with long-established invasive populations can contain valuable genetic information relating to invasion processes and as such, should not be overlooked.

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Intra-individual variation of flowers inGunnerasubgenusPanke(Gunneraceae) and proposed apomorphies for Gunnerales

Cited by 16 publications

References 65 publications

Origin and evolution of petals in angiosperms

Origin and evolution of petals in angiosperms

Biological Flora of the British Isles: Gunnera tinctoria

Using soil seed banks to assess temporal patterns of genetic variation in invasive plant populations

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