Guidelines of care for superficial mycotic infectionsof the skin: Tinea corporis, tinea cruris, tinea faciei, tinea manuum, and tinea pedis

Drake, Lynn A.; Dinehart, Scott M.; Farmer, Evan R.; Goltz, Robert W.; Graham, Gloria F.; Hordinsky, Maria; Lewis, Charles; Pariser, David M.; Skouge, John W.; Webster, Stephen B.; Whitaker, Duane C.; Butler, Barbara; Lower, Barbara J.; Elewski, Boni E.; Elgart, Mervyn L.; Jacobs, P; Lesher, Jack L.; Scher, Richard K.

doi:10.1016/s0190-9622(96)80135-6

Cited by 133 publications

(84 citation statements)

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“…Dermatophytes are responsible for most cutaneous fungal infections and the estimated lifetime risk of acquiring dermatophytic infection is between 10-20%. 2,3 Dermatophytes are a group of closely related keratinophilic fungi that can invade keratinized tissues of humans and animals such as skin, hair and nails causing dermatophytosis. 4 Dermatophytosis includes several distinct clinical manifestations.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Prevalence of Dermatophytic Infection and Detection of Dermatophytes by Microscopic and Culture Methods

Islam

Majid

Ahmed³

et al. 2018

J Enam Med Col

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Prevalence of Dermatophytic Infection and Detection of Dermatophytes by Microscopic and Culture Methods

Islam

Majid

Ahmed³

et al. 2018

J Enam Med Col

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“…In the United States alone, this translates into an economic impact on the health care system estimated to exceed $400 million a year for treatment alone (8,46). A recent survey conducted in 16 European countries has shown that more than one-third (35 to 40%) of the 90,000 participants were suffering with a fungal foot disease, mainly caused by dermatophytes (4).…”

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confidence: 99%

Generating and Testing Molecular Hypotheses in the Dermatophytes

et al. 2008

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4Dermatophytes are the most common cause of fungal infections worldwide, impacting millions of individuals annually. In the United States alone, this translates into an economic impact on the health care system estimated to exceed $400 million a year for treatment alone (8,46). A recent survey conducted in 16 European countries has shown that more than one-third (35 to 40%) of the 90,000 participants were suffering with a fungal foot disease, mainly caused by dermatophytes (4). In a recent study, 22 to 50% of children in a U.S. day care center exhibited symptoms of dermatophytic scalp infections (2). Despite the prominence of dermatophyte infections and their resulting socioeconomic consequences, the research and medical communities lack a sophisticated understanding of these organisms' biology. Consequently, effective preventatives and therapeutics are lacking. These deficiencies are in large part due to the lack of genetic tools available for the study of these fungi and their host specificities. Several research efforts are now poised to produce genomic and molecular resources that will enable the molecular characterization of dermatophytes. These resources will soon be available for use by the larger research community to address many questions about the biology and pathogenesis of dermatophytes. This review will elaborate on the current status of these resources and their importance to the study of the dermatophytes. DERMATOPHYTE BIOLOGY AND DISEASEDisease. Tinea is a fungal infection of the skin, hair, or nails (reviewed in reference 34). The phrase is made specific by the addition of another term referring to a specific body location. Thus, the term "tinea pedis" refers to a fungal infection of the feet. Other tinea infections include tinea capitis (scalp or head), tinea corporis (body or trunk), and tinea unguium (nails, also known as onychomycosis). These terms do not indicate the infecting organism but the type of infection and the body location. Tinea infections are usually localized to the surface and are rarely systemic or disseminated.Fungal infections can be asymptomatic, they can be acute and severe, associated with inflammation, or they can be chronic (most common) (34). Tinea pedis usually occurs in the toe webs, with considerable scaling, fissuring, maceration, and erythema, accompanied by severe itching or burning. Tinea pedis can also localize to the sole of the foot, extending up the sides of the foot. The destruction of the skin barrier can result in bacterial superinfection. Nail infections are associated with thickening, discoloration, and pain. Scalp infections can cause irreversible hair loss.Organisms. All of the dermatophytes are ascomycetous molds, members of the class Euascomycetes that also includes Aspergillus species and the dimorphic fungi ( Fig. 1) (34). The dermatophytes are classified into three genera: Trichophyton, Microsporum, and Epidermophton. As can be seen in Fig. 2, the dermatophytes are a monophyletic clade, although the assigned genus designations within the clade ...

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“…These fungi are keratinophylic, as they infect the superficial keratinized tissues (skin, hair, and nails) of humans and animals (16), and can cause cutaneous mycoses which are called dermatophytoses, tinea, or ringworm infections. Health care costs associated with management of these mycoses are high (2,14). Moreover, dermatophytoses are widespread and increasing in prevalence on a global scale and the recent increase in their incidence has been attributed to the increase of immunocompromised states, such as those associated with AIDS, diabetes mellitus, organ transplantation, and the use of corticosteroids and antineoplastic agents (3,5,11,17).…”

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confidence: 99%

Single-Step PCR Using (GACA) ₄ Primer: Utility for Rapid Identification of Dermatophyte Species and Strains

et al. 2008

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Dermatophytes are fungi that belong to three genera: Epidermophyton, Microsporum, and Trichophyton. Identification of dermatophyte species is essential for appropriate diagnosis and treatment of dermatophytosis. Routine identification depends on macroscopic and microscopic morphology, which is time-consuming and does not identify dermatophyte strains. In this study, two PCR-based methods were compared for their abilities to identify 21 dermatophyte isolates obtained from Egyptian patients to the species and strain levels. The first method employed a two-step method: PCR amplification, using ITS1 and ITS4 as primers, followed by restriction enzyme digestion using the endonuclease MvaI. The second method employed a one-step approach employing the repetitive oligonucleotide (GACA) 4 as a primer. Dermatophyte strains were also identified using a conventional culture method. Our results showed that the conventional culture method identified four species: Microsporum canis, Trichophyton mentagrophytes, Trichophyton rubrum, and Trichophyton violaceum. Moreover, both PCR methods agreed with the diagnosis made using the conventional approach. Furthermore, ITS1/ITS4-based PCR provided no strain differentiation, while (GACA) 4 -based PCR identified different varieties among the T. mentagrophytes isolates. Taken together, our results suggest that (GACA) 4 -based PCR has utility as a simple and rapid method for identification of dermatophyte species as well as utility for differentiation of T. mentagrophytes variants.Dermatophytes comprise a group of related fungi that belong to three genera, Epidermophyton, Microsporum, and Trichophyton, each of which includes several recognized species. These fungi are keratinophylic, as they infect the superficial keratinized tissues (skin, hair, and nails) of humans and animals (16), and can cause cutaneous mycoses which are called dermatophytoses, tinea, or ringworm infections. Health care costs associated with management of these mycoses are high (2, 14). Moreover, dermatophytoses are widespread and increasing in prevalence on a global scale and the recent increase in their incidence has been attributed to the increase of immunocompromised states, such as those associated with AIDS, diabetes mellitus, organ transplantation, and the use of corticosteroids and antineoplastic agents (3,5,11,17).The identification of dermatophyte species is essential for appropriate diagnosis and treatment of dermatophytosis. As the dermatophytes were reported to cause outbreaks of infection, especially in closed communities (15), their identification to the species as well as strain levels has a great epidemiological value in the investigations of such outbreaks with regard to identifying the sources of infections and establishing plans to manage and control them.Routine laboratory procedures for the identification of dermatophytes rely on culturing of these fungi on appropriate growth media, followed by examination of the gross morphological characters of their colonies (e.g., rate of growth, colony topo...

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Guidelines of care for superficial mycotic infectionsof the skin: Tinea corporis, tinea cruris, tinea faciei, tinea manuum, and tinea pedis

Cited by 133 publications

References 20 publications

Prevalence of Dermatophytic Infection and Detection of Dermatophytes by Microscopic and Culture Methods

Prevalence of Dermatophytic Infection and Detection of Dermatophytes by Microscopic and Culture Methods

Generating and Testing Molecular Hypotheses in the Dermatophytes

Single-Step PCR Using (GACA) ₄ Primer: Utility for Rapid Identification of Dermatophyte Species and Strains

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Guidelines of care for superficial mycotic infectionsof the skin: Tinea corporis, tinea cruris, tinea faciei, tinea manuum, and tinea pedis

Cited by 133 publications

References 20 publications

Prevalence of Dermatophytic Infection and Detection of Dermatophytes by Microscopic and Culture Methods

Prevalence of Dermatophytic Infection and Detection of Dermatophytes by Microscopic and Culture Methods

Generating and Testing Molecular Hypotheses in the Dermatophytes

Single-Step PCR Using (GACA) 4 Primer: Utility for Rapid Identification of Dermatophyte Species and Strains

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Single-Step PCR Using (GACA) ₄ Primer: Utility for Rapid Identification of Dermatophyte Species and Strains