Guidelines for the application of IUCN Red List of ecosystems categories and criteria

Applying the IUCN Global Ecosystem Typology to classify, describe, and map ecosystems based on regional data and Indigenous knowledge

“… Exemplar cause‐and‐effect conceptual model of grassland and sedgeland wetlands ( turringiya in Tiwi language) on the Tiwi Islands, northern Australia, developed following International Union for Conservation of Nature Red List of Ecosystem guidelines (Keith, Ferrer‐Paris, et al., 2024 ), which links ecosystem processes, attributes, and threats. Similar models for each ecosystem type listed in Table 1 can be found in Appendix S6 .…”

“…For savannas, low canopy cover or high fire frequency can be misinterpreted as degradation, and reforestation programs or fire suppression may be wrongly implemented as a result (Parr et al., 2014 ; Phelps et al., 2022 ). Instead, maintaining and restoring natural ecosystem processes are effective options for management (Griffith et al., 2017 ; Keith, Ghoraba, et al., 2024 ; Wurtzebach & Schultz, 2016 ). Conceptual models are powerful tools to identify key processes, potential threats, and hence management priorities (Keith, Ghoraba, et al., 2024 ; Wurtzebach & Schultz, 2016 ).…”

“…Instead, maintaining and restoring natural ecosystem processes are effective options for management (Griffith et al., 2017 ; Keith, Ghoraba, et al., 2024 ; Wurtzebach & Schultz, 2016 ). Conceptual models are powerful tools to identify key processes, potential threats, and hence management priorities (Keith, Ghoraba, et al., 2024 ; Wurtzebach & Schultz, 2016 ). Similarly, ecosystem management is enhanced through improved knowledge sharing across jurisdictions through cross‐referencing with the GET.…”

“…The detailed typology and map of ecosystems will help Tiwi Island land managers and Tiwi institutions apply globally standardized assessment tools. Foundational ecosystem information facilitates ecological assessments (Keith, Ferrer‐Paris et al., 2024 ) and assessments of the services ecosystems, including ecosystem contributions to culture and human well‐being (Díaz et al., 2018 ; Hill et al., 2021 ). Ecological and ecosystem services assessments are complementary (Xiao et al., 2024 ), together supporting the continued provisioning of services.…”

Applying the IUCN Global Ecosystem Typology to classify, describe, and map ecosystems based on regional data and Indigenous knowledge

“… Exemplar cause‐and‐effect conceptual model of grassland and sedgeland wetlands ( turringiya in Tiwi language) on the Tiwi Islands, northern Australia, developed following International Union for Conservation of Nature Red List of Ecosystem guidelines (Keith, Ferrer‐Paris, et al., 2024 ), which links ecosystem processes, attributes, and threats. Similar models for each ecosystem type listed in Table 1 can be found in Appendix S6 .…”

“…For savannas, low canopy cover or high fire frequency can be misinterpreted as degradation, and reforestation programs or fire suppression may be wrongly implemented as a result (Parr et al., 2014 ; Phelps et al., 2022 ). Instead, maintaining and restoring natural ecosystem processes are effective options for management (Griffith et al., 2017 ; Keith, Ghoraba, et al., 2024 ; Wurtzebach & Schultz, 2016 ). Conceptual models are powerful tools to identify key processes, potential threats, and hence management priorities (Keith, Ghoraba, et al., 2024 ; Wurtzebach & Schultz, 2016 ).…”

“…Instead, maintaining and restoring natural ecosystem processes are effective options for management (Griffith et al., 2017 ; Keith, Ghoraba, et al., 2024 ; Wurtzebach & Schultz, 2016 ). Conceptual models are powerful tools to identify key processes, potential threats, and hence management priorities (Keith, Ghoraba, et al., 2024 ; Wurtzebach & Schultz, 2016 ). Similarly, ecosystem management is enhanced through improved knowledge sharing across jurisdictions through cross‐referencing with the GET.…”

“…The detailed typology and map of ecosystems will help Tiwi Island land managers and Tiwi institutions apply globally standardized assessment tools. Foundational ecosystem information facilitates ecological assessments (Keith, Ferrer‐Paris et al., 2024 ) and assessments of the services ecosystems, including ecosystem contributions to culture and human well‐being (Díaz et al., 2018 ; Hill et al., 2021 ). Ecological and ecosystem services assessments are complementary (Xiao et al., 2024 ), together supporting the continued provisioning of services.…”

Carex huancabambica (Cyperaceae), a new species from the Peruvian and Ecuadorian Andes

“…This species is currently known from seven populations, covering a distribution range within an extent of occurrence ( EOO ) of 60,219 km 2 and an area of occupancy ( AOO ) of 36 km 2 (based on IUCN default cell width of 2 km 2 and estimated according to the proximity of the closest populations studied). This geographic range suggests the application of criterion B2 for the Endangered category (EN; threshold of < 500 km 2 for AOO ; IUCN (2024) ). While the number of locations (< 10) would indicate the potential application of the Vulnerable ( VU ) category under criterion B2, the lack of data on the demographic tendency of the studied populations and the fact that probable additional overlooked populations of this species exists, prevent the application of any threatened categories, as no more than one sub-condition can be fulfilled (at least two are needed).…”

Applying the IUCN Global Ecosystem Typology to classify, describe, and map ecosystems based on regional data and Indigenous knowledge

“… Exemplar cause‐and‐effect conceptual model of grassland and sedgeland wetlands ( turringiya in Tiwi language) on the Tiwi Islands, northern Australia, developed following International Union for Conservation of Nature Red List of Ecosystem guidelines (Keith, Ferrer‐Paris, et al., 2024 ), which links ecosystem processes, attributes, and threats. Similar models for each ecosystem type listed in Table 1 can be found in Appendix S6 .…”

“…For savannas, low canopy cover or high fire frequency can be misinterpreted as degradation, and reforestation programs or fire suppression may be wrongly implemented as a result (Parr et al., 2014 ; Phelps et al., 2022 ). Instead, maintaining and restoring natural ecosystem processes are effective options for management (Griffith et al., 2017 ; Keith, Ghoraba, et al., 2024 ; Wurtzebach & Schultz, 2016 ). Conceptual models are powerful tools to identify key processes, potential threats, and hence management priorities (Keith, Ghoraba, et al., 2024 ; Wurtzebach & Schultz, 2016 ).…”

“…Instead, maintaining and restoring natural ecosystem processes are effective options for management (Griffith et al., 2017 ; Keith, Ghoraba, et al., 2024 ; Wurtzebach & Schultz, 2016 ). Conceptual models are powerful tools to identify key processes, potential threats, and hence management priorities (Keith, Ghoraba, et al., 2024 ; Wurtzebach & Schultz, 2016 ). Similarly, ecosystem management is enhanced through improved knowledge sharing across jurisdictions through cross‐referencing with the GET.…”

“…The detailed typology and map of ecosystems will help Tiwi Island land managers and Tiwi institutions apply globally standardized assessment tools. Foundational ecosystem information facilitates ecological assessments (Keith, Ferrer‐Paris et al., 2024 ) and assessments of the services ecosystems, including ecosystem contributions to culture and human well‐being (Díaz et al., 2018 ; Hill et al., 2021 ). Ecological and ecosystem services assessments are complementary (Xiao et al., 2024 ), together supporting the continued provisioning of services.…”

Carex huancabambica (Cyperaceae), a new species from the Peruvian and Ecuadorian Andes

“…This species is currently known from seven populations, covering a distribution range within an extent of occurrence ( EOO ) of 60,219 km 2 and an area of occupancy ( AOO ) of 36 km 2 (based on IUCN default cell width of 2 km 2 and estimated according to the proximity of the closest populations studied). This geographic range suggests the application of criterion B2 for the Endangered category (EN; threshold of < 500 km 2 for AOO ; IUCN (2024) ). While the number of locations (< 10) would indicate the potential application of the Vulnerable ( VU ) category under criterion B2, the lack of data on the demographic tendency of the studied populations and the fact that probable additional overlooked populations of this species exists, prevent the application of any threatened categories, as no more than one sub-condition can be fulfilled (at least two are needed).…”

Applying the IUCN Global Ecosystem Typology to classify, describe, and map ecosystems based on regional data and Indigenous knowledge

“… Exemplar cause‐and‐effect conceptual model of grassland and sedgeland wetlands ( turringiya in Tiwi language) on the Tiwi Islands, northern Australia, developed following International Union for Conservation of Nature Red List of Ecosystem guidelines (Keith, Ferrer‐Paris, et al., 2024 ), which links ecosystem processes, attributes, and threats. Similar models for each ecosystem type listed in Table 1 can be found in Appendix S6 .…”

“…For savannas, low canopy cover or high fire frequency can be misinterpreted as degradation, and reforestation programs or fire suppression may be wrongly implemented as a result (Parr et al., 2014 ; Phelps et al., 2022 ). Instead, maintaining and restoring natural ecosystem processes are effective options for management (Griffith et al., 2017 ; Keith, Ghoraba, et al., 2024 ; Wurtzebach & Schultz, 2016 ). Conceptual models are powerful tools to identify key processes, potential threats, and hence management priorities (Keith, Ghoraba, et al., 2024 ; Wurtzebach & Schultz, 2016 ).…”

“…Instead, maintaining and restoring natural ecosystem processes are effective options for management (Griffith et al., 2017 ; Keith, Ghoraba, et al., 2024 ; Wurtzebach & Schultz, 2016 ). Conceptual models are powerful tools to identify key processes, potential threats, and hence management priorities (Keith, Ghoraba, et al., 2024 ; Wurtzebach & Schultz, 2016 ). Similarly, ecosystem management is enhanced through improved knowledge sharing across jurisdictions through cross‐referencing with the GET.…”

“…The detailed typology and map of ecosystems will help Tiwi Island land managers and Tiwi institutions apply globally standardized assessment tools. Foundational ecosystem information facilitates ecological assessments (Keith, Ferrer‐Paris et al., 2024 ) and assessments of the services ecosystems, including ecosystem contributions to culture and human well‐being (Díaz et al., 2018 ; Hill et al., 2021 ). Ecological and ecosystem services assessments are complementary (Xiao et al., 2024 ), together supporting the continued provisioning of services.…”

Carex huancabambica (Cyperaceae), a new species from the Peruvian and Ecuadorian Andes

“…This species is currently known from seven populations, covering a distribution range within an extent of occurrence ( EOO ) of 60,219 km 2 and an area of occupancy ( AOO ) of 36 km 2 (based on IUCN default cell width of 2 km 2 and estimated according to the proximity of the closest populations studied). This geographic range suggests the application of criterion B2 for the Endangered category (EN; threshold of < 500 km 2 for AOO ; IUCN (2024) ). While the number of locations (< 10) would indicate the potential application of the Vulnerable ( VU ) category under criterion B2, the lack of data on the demographic tendency of the studied populations and the fact that probable additional overlooked populations of this species exists, prevent the application of any threatened categories, as no more than one sub-condition can be fulfilled (at least two are needed).…”