Guanethidine in the Treatment of Hypertension

Lowther, Clifton P.; Turner, Richard

doi:10.1136/bmj.2.5360.776

Cited by 23 publications

(4 citation statements)

References 7 publications

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“…Only 60% of patients treated for more than two years maintained a good or fair result. It was concluded that, although guanethidine, particularly in combination with an oral diuretic, was better than previously available drugs for the long-term treatment of hypertension, it had a number of disadvantages (Lowther and Turner, 1963).…”

Section: Studies On Debrisoquine Sulphatementioning

confidence: 99%

Studies on debrisoquine sulphate.

Kitchin¹,

Turner²

1966

BMJ

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Chloramphenicol and Renal Function-Lindberg et al. MEDIIMiRNAL caused by bacterial strains whose patterns of resistance exclude the usual primary agents-sulphanilamide, nitrofurantoin, and penicillins. SummaryThe excretion of biologically active chloramphenicol in urine diminishes linearly with decreasing renal function. When the renal function is reduced to an endogenous creatine clearance under 20 ml./min., less than 1% of the dose administered is excreted as the active compound, compared with 5-10% for normal renal function. The maximum excretion of chloramphenicol found at this degree of renal insufficiency was 10-20 fug./ml. of urine, compared with 150-200 ttg./ml. for normal renal function.The low concentrations of urine might explain the poor correlation between chloramphenicol sensitivity tests in vitro and the results when treating infections of the urinary tract in patients with renal insufficiency. In elderly patients with a physiologically decreased renal filtration the urinary concentrations of chloramphenicol might be too low, increasing the risk for development of drug-resistant micro-organisms.The level of biologically active chloramphenicol in blood was only slightly influenced by the renal function, while metabolites of the drug accumulated in patients with decreased renal function. REFERENCES Barber, M., and Garrod, L. P. (1963 Control of the blood-pressure in hypertensive patients is now easier with drugs in current use. In the majority of patients blood-pressure can be reduced considerably, and usually, but not always, maintained at the desired level without undue sideeffects or intermittent hypotension. Consequently, with adequate drugs already available it is becoming more difficult to assess the relative merits of new preparations.It takes at least 12 months to form a preliminary assessment of a promising new drug, and the first patients have usually been under treatment for two to three years before a confident opinion can be given on an adequate number of cases, particularly as regards tolerance.In this country ganglion-blocking agents have been largely superseded by preparations which have no effect on the parasympathetic nervous system. At the present time most patients with severe hypertensive disease are probably being treated with the sympathetic-blocking drugs guanethidine or methyldopa, but clinical trials on new preparations are going on in many hospitals.Patients vary in their preferences for different drugs largely owing to the varying side-effects.Rather than carry out comparative trials or double-blind trials with different preparations in the same group, it is now sufficient to try different preparations only in those who cannot tolerate the drug with which most experience has been gained. (Lowther and Turner, 1963).Methyldopa proved to be equally effective as regards reduction of blood-pressure. On the whole, side-effects were fewer and less unpleasant, but some patients were completely intolerant of side-effects ; others felt generally unwell, and most experienced unplea...

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Section: Studies On Debrisoquine Sulphatementioning

confidence: 99%

Studies on debrisoquine sulphate.

Kitchin¹,

Turner²

1966

BMJ

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“…14(1-2) jan-Jun, 1982 BUFFUM reactions (Veterans Administration 1977a; Bauer et a!. 197 3;Bulpitt & Dollery 197 3;Prichard et al 1968;Money & Yankowitz 1967;Seedat & Pillay 1966;Lowther & Turner 1963;Bauer et al 1961). Decreased erections have a reported incidence of four percent to 100% (Bauer eta!.…”

Section: Guanethidine (Ismelin®)mentioning

confidence: 94%

“…These sexual side effects h ave been seen in dosages over 25 mg/day (Veterans Administration 1977a;Bauer et al 1973;Prichard eta!. 1968 ;Money & Yankowitz 1967;Seedat & Pillay 1966;Lowther & Turner 1963;Bauer et al 1961).…”

Section: Guanethidine (Ismelin®)mentioning

confidence: 95%

Pharmacosexology: The Effects of Drugs on Sexual Function – A Review

Buffum

1982

Journal of Psychoactive Drugs

154

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The literature on the sexual side effects of drugs and chemicals has been reviewed. There are many substances which alter the human sociosexual response cycle either negatively, positively or both. Many of the drugs used therapeutically have been reported to have adverse effects on sexuality, and this must be taken into account when these drugs are used clinically. Many substances which are used for recreational purposes (or sometimes abused) also have profound effects on sexual response. Many of these substances are used in such a way that they can correct underlying sexual problems. Treatment of a drug abuser may well prove unsuccessful without consideration of preexistent sociosexual problems and concerns. From the dawn of recorded history, many substances have been used for the purpose of sexual enhancement. Some of these have known success and their reputations have been passed down through the millenia. The chapter has not yet been closed on aphrodisiacs, even though none have survived the rigors of scientific scrutiny. As long as humans place value on optimal sexual functioning, there will be a demand for sex-enhancing drugs. In order for the scientific and medical community to successfully meet these challenges, more effective and relevant study designs will have to be utilized in order to separate fact from fancy. The study of pharmacosexology is in its infancy, and in order for it to grow and contribute to the world body of knowledge, more researchers and clinicians must be trained in both pharmacology and sexology.

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“…(16) ''In this study we have endeavoured to find out whether, after initial assessment in hospital, it is possible to maintain an adequate reduction in pressure on a long-term out-patient basis without undue side-effects'' (Lowther and Turner 1963).…”

Section: The If-categorymentioning

confidence: 99%

Writer’s uncertainty identification in scientific biomedical articles: a tool for automatic if-clause tagging

Omero

Valotto

Bellana

et al. 2020

Lang Resources & Evaluation

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In a previous study, we manually identified seven categories (verbs, non-verbs, modal verbs in the simple present, modal verbs in the conditional mood, if, uncertain questions, and epistemic future) of Uncertainty Markers (UMs) in a corpus of 80 articles from the British Medical Journal randomly sampled from a 167-year period (1840–2007). The UMs detected on the base of an epistemic stance approach were those referring only to the authors of the articles and only in the present. We also performed preliminary experiments to assess the manual annotated corpus and to establish a baseline for the UMs automatic detection. The results of the experiments showed that most UMs could be recognized with good accuracy, except for the if-category, which includes four subcategories: if-clauses in a narrow sense; if-less clauses; as if/as though; if and whether introducing embedded questions. The unsatisfactory results concerning the if-category were probably due to both its complexity and the inadequacy of the detection rules, which were only lexical, not grammatical. In the current article, we describe a different approach, which combines grammatical and syntactic rules. The performed experiments show that the identification of uncertainty in the if-category has been largely double improved compared to our previous results. The complex overall process of uncertainty detection can greatly profit from a hybrid approach which should combine supervised Machine learning techniques with a knowledge-based approach constituted by a rule-based inference engine devoted to the if-clause case and designed on the basis of the above mentioned epistemic stance approach.

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Guanethidine in the Treatment of Hypertension

Cited by 23 publications

References 7 publications

Studies on debrisoquine sulphate.

Studies on debrisoquine sulphate.

Pharmacosexology: The Effects of Drugs on Sexual Function – A Review

Writer’s uncertainty identification in scientific biomedical articles: a tool for automatic if-clause tagging

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