“…Gas tungsten arc welding (GTAW) is used to join these dissimilar materials, but this process presents challenges due to the different chemical composition and thermal expansion coefficients of the base materials [ 12 , 13 ]. These challenges result in residual stresses, unmixed zones, and element diffusion across the fusion line [ 14 , 15 ]. The utilization of Ni-based filler metal offers a potential solution to these challenges.…”