“…The welded joint produced using the radiant beam welding process meet the standard requirement of high temperature application but processes are costlier than the arc welding processes. Gas tungsten arc welding (GTAW) is used to join these dissimilar materials, but this process presents challenges due to the different chemical composition and thermal expansion coefficients of the base materials [ 12 , 13 ]. These challenges result in residual stresses, unmixed zones, and element diffusion across the fusion line [ 14 , 15 ].…”