Growth, weed control, and nitrogen uptake of winter-killed cover crops, and their effects on maize in conservation agriculture

Tadiello, Tommaso; Potenza, E.; Perego, Alessia; Torre, Daniele Della; Michelon, L.; Bechini, Luca

doi:10.1007/s13593-021-00747-3

Cited by 6 publications

(3 citation statements)

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“…This means that the beneficial effect of CCs for

{NO}_{3}^{-}

leaching was already substantial even after only 1 month of growth. This is because the conditions of the Po Valley area are suitable for fast CC establishment and growth, provided early seeding in late august or September; mild temperatures of October 2018 (average of 15.3°C in our experiment) and copious rains (138 mm) helped, as pointed also by Tadiello et al (2022). Indeed, it is likely that both CCs may have reached

{NO}_{3}^{-}

‐leaching monitoring depth at the beginning of November, considering rooting growth dynamics of 1–2 mm day −1 per °C (Thorup‐Kristensen et al, 2003).…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 76%

Towards efficient N cycling in intensive maize: role of cover crops and application methods of digestate liquid fraction

et al. 2023

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Digestate, a by-product of biogas production, is widely recognized as a promising renewable nitrogen (N) source with high potential to replace synthetic fertilizers.Yet, inefficient digestate use can lead to pollutant N losses as ammonia (NH 3 ) volatilization, nitrous oxide (N 2 O) emissions and nitrate (NO − 3 ) leaching. Cover crops (CCs) may reduce some of these losses and recycle the N back into the soil after incorporation, but the effect on the N balance depends on the CC species.In a one-year field study, we tested two application methods (i.e., surface broadcasting, BDC; and shallow injection, INJ) of the liquid fraction of separated codigested cattle slurry (digestate liquid fraction [DLF]), combined with different winter cover crop (CC) options (i.e., rye, white mustard or bare fallow), as starter fertilizer for maize. Later, side-dressing with urea was required to fulfil maize N-requirements. We tested treatment effects on yield, N-uptake, N-use efficiency parameters, and N-losses in the form of N 2 O emissions and NO − 3 leaching. CC development and biomass production were strongly affected by their contrasting frost tolerance, with spring-regrowth for rye, while mustard was winter killed.After the CCs, injection of DLF increased N 2 O emissions significantly compared with BDC (emission factor of 2.69% vs. 1.66%). Nitrous oxide emissions accounted for a small part (11%-13%) of the overall yield-scaled N losses (0.46-0.97 kg N Mg grain −1 ). The adoption of CCs reduced fall NO − 3 leaching, being 51% and 64% lower for mustard and rye than under bare soil. In addition, rye reduced NO − 3 leaching during spring and summer after termination by promoting N immobilization, thus leading to −57% lower annual leaching losses compared with mustard. DLF application method modified N-loss pathways, but not the cumulative yield-scaled N losses. Overall, these insights contribute to inform an evidencebased design of cropping systems in which nutrients are recycled more efficiently. K E Y W O R D Scover crop residues, digestate broadcasting, digestate injection, N 2 O emissions, NO − 3 leaching

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“…This means that the beneficial effect of CCs for

{NO}_{3}^{-}

{NO}_{3}^{-}

‐leaching monitoring depth at the beginning of November, considering rooting growth dynamics of 1–2 mm day −1 per °C (Thorup‐Kristensen et al, 2003).…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 76%

Towards efficient N cycling in intensive maize: role of cover crops and application methods of digestate liquid fraction

et al. 2023

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“…Maize, as one of the most important food crops, has an irreplaceable position in national food security, and its output is affected by genetic factors, cultivation methods, and environmental impacts [1,2]. One of the common problems in farmland is that weeds have a negative impact on crop growth and output [3][4][5], especially in maize planting, where a large number of weeds significantly impacts the seedling quality of maize [6,7], an important determinant of seedling growth and development. Therefore, the evaluation of maize seedlings in the presence of weeds is of great significance [8].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Unmanned Aerial Vehicle-Scale Weed Segmentation Method Based on Image Analysis Technology for Enhanced Accuracy of Maize Seedling Counting

Yang,

Zhu,

Zhang

et al. 2024

Agriculture

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The number of maize seedlings is a key determinant of maize yield. Thus, timely, accurate estimation of seedlings helps optimize and adjust field management measures. Differentiating “multiple seedlings in a single hole” of maize accurately using deep learning and object detection methods presents challenges that hinder effectiveness. Multivariate regression techniques prove more suitable in such cases, yet the presence of weeds considerably affects regression estimation accuracy. Therefore, this paper proposes a maize and weed identification method that combines shape features with threshold skeleton clustering to mitigate the impact of weeds on maize counting. The threshold skeleton method (TS) ensured that the accuracy and precision values of eliminating weeds exceeded 97% and that the missed inspection rate and misunderstanding rate did not exceed 6%, which is a significant improvement compared with traditional methods. Multi-image characteristics of the maize coverage, maize seedling edge pixel percentage, maize skeleton characteristic pixel percentage, and connecting domain features gradually returned to maize seedlings. After applying the TS method to remove weeds, the estimated R2 is 0.83, RMSE is 1.43, MAE is 1.05, and the overall counting accuracy is 99.2%. The weed segmentation method proposed in this paper can adapt to various seedling conditions. Under different emergence conditions, the estimated R2 of seedling count reaches a maximum of 0.88, with an RMSE below 1.29. The proposed approach in this study shows improved weed recognition accuracy on drone images compared to conventional image processing methods. It exhibits strong adaptability and stability, enhancing maize counting accuracy even in the presence of weeds.

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“…The sowing and cultivation of cover crops in the offseason, with known cycles and phenological characteristics, also helps to prevent resistant weeds, preventing their development, flowering, and seed dispersal throughout the area and facilitates their mechanical or chemical control in the pre-sowing of the main crop (MONQUERO;HIRATA, 2014;TADIELLO et al, 2022). In other words, the use of cover crops in the off-season allows the main crop to start its development with greater availability of nutrients and less competition with weeds (ADEUX et al, 2021;KOUDAHE;ALLEN;DJAMAN, 2022).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Biomass, nutrient accumulation, and weed suppression by mix of cover crops

Silva,

Nascente,

Frasca

et al. 2023

Rev. Caatinga

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Cover crops, isolated or mixed, provide several benefits to agricultural systems, such as nutrient cycling and weed control. The present study aimed to determine the biomass production and nutrient accumulation of a cover crop mix and its effects on weed suppression (biomass production), in the off-season, in a no-tillage area in the Cerrado region. The experimental design was in randomized blocks with six treatments and eight replications. Treatments comprised five cover crop mixes plus the control treatment (fallow). Mixes of cover crops, cultivated between grain harvests in a no-tillage system in the Cerrado region, efficiently reduced weed shoot biomass in the three evaluation periods, 30, 70, and 210 days after sowing. Additionally, it is concluded that the mixes 5 (Black oats, Buckwheat, Millet, Piatã grass, and Crotalaria ochroleuca) and 4 (C. spectabilis, Buckwheat, Pearl millet, and Crotalaria breviflora) are the best among those evaluated for Cerrado conditions because they produce more biomass in the offseason, due to the greater availability of nutrients to the soil, in addition to providing less biomass of weeds compared to fallow.

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Growth, weed control, and nitrogen uptake of winter-killed cover crops, and their effects on maize in conservation agriculture

Abstract: The Version of Record is the version of the article after copy-editing and typesetting, and connected to open research data, open protocols, and open code where available. Any supplementary information can be found on the journal website, connected to the Version of Record.

Cited by 6 publications

References 50 publications

Towards efficient N cycling in intensive maize: role of cover crops and application methods of digestate liquid fraction

Towards efficient N cycling in intensive maize: role of cover crops and application methods of digestate liquid fraction

Unmanned Aerial Vehicle-Scale Weed Segmentation Method Based on Image Analysis Technology for Enhanced Accuracy of Maize Seedling Counting

Biomass, nutrient accumulation, and weed suppression by mix of cover crops

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