“…This excellent property makes the EBEP source extremely versatile. Its applications include Ar þ lasers, 3) ion sources, 1) etching, [4][5][6] chemical vapor deposition (CVD), [7][8][9][10][11] physical vapor deposition (PVD), 12,13) and surface treatment/cleaning. 14,15) Recently, EBEP sources have been actively researched for nitriding, [16][17][18][19][20] one of the surface-hardening heat treatments of metals.…”