Growth patterns of breast fed and formula fed infants in the first 12 months of life: an Italian study

Agostoni, Carlo; Grandi, F; Giannì, Maria Lorella; Silano, Marco; Torcoletti, Marta; Giovannini, Marcello; Riva, Enrica

doi:10.1136/adc.81.5.395

Cited by 105 publications

(97 citation statements)

References 9 publications

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“…The present investigation was out of the scope of the study and aimed to describe infants feeding practices during the first year of life in a subsample of the cohort, and their relationship on anthropometric measures at 1-y. Differently to what described in literature by Agostoni and Koletzko, in 1999 and 2009 respectively, we did not find significant differences between the pattern of growth of breast-fed and formula-fed infants [10,11]. In our cohort, we found no association between infants' anthropometrics at 1 year and BF duration, while FF duration was found to be positively associated to length at 1 year.…”

Section: Discussioncontrasting

confidence: 87%

“…The most widely accepted explanation of the protective effect of BF is the difference in child growth rate of breast vs. formula-fed infants [8,9]. As demonstrated by a longitudinal multicenter Randomized Control Trial [10] and by a national cohort study [11], breast-fed infants grow differently than formula-fed infants, with the latter having a higher weight and weight-for-length at 1-y of age. Although BF, conversely to FF, is associated with a slightly lower BMI in childhood and adulthood, a precise assessment of the preventive role of BF is difficult to perform because of the many confounding factors [12].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Infant Feeding Practices in the First Year of Life in a Metropolitan Italian Cohort

Cinelli¹,

Fabrizi²,

Shashaj³

et al. 2018

JFNR

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Infant feeding choices are pivotal for growth and may affect the risk of overweight later in life. The objective of the study was to explore: (i) adherence to World Health Organization (WHO, exclusive breast feeding, BF, in the first 6 months) and European Society for Paediatric Gastroenterology Hepatology and Nutrition (ESPHGAN, complementary feeding, CF, between 17 and 26 weeks of age and cow's milk introduction at 1 year of age) recommendations; (ii) and the effect of these practice on infants' anthropometrics and adiposity at 1 year of age. The study was based on the sample of infants (n = 462) from the -Feeding‖ cohort whose feeding behaviours were monthly investigated from birth to 1 year of age and anthropometrics, thickness of epicardial adipose (EAT), abdominal subcutaneous, and visceral adipose tissues, measured at 1 year of age. Exclusively breast-fed infants were 69.5% (n=321) at birth but 19.9% (n=92) at 6 months of age. CF was introduced at the median age of 5 (4-6), with 64.5% (n=298) of infants complying the ESPHGAN guidelines, while cow's milk was introduced at the age of 11 (10-12) months. Age of CF was associated with weight-to-length ratio (coeff.= -0.002, 95% CI -0.003 to -0.000, p = 0.018, r). Age of cow's milk introduction with weight-to-length ratio as well (coeff.= 0.001, 95% CI 0.000, 0.002, p=0.025; and EAT (coeff.=0.038, 95% CI 0.012 to 0.063, p = 0.004) at 1-y. Feeding practices complied with WHO recommendations in one infant out of five, and ESPHGAN recommendations in about seven out of ten. Early CF and cow's milk were both associated with anthropometrics at 1-y, while exclusively BF was not.

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Section: Discussioncontrasting

confidence: 87%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Infant Feeding Practices in the First Year of Life in a Metropolitan Italian Cohort

Cinelli¹,

Fabrizi²,

Shashaj³

et al. 2018

JFNR

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“…The full-term infants were measured at birth (third day of life), and at 1 and 3 mo of age. Body weight, length, and head circumference were measured according to standard procedures (20).The weight of each baby was measured on an electronic scale accurate to ±0.1 g (PEA POD Infant Body Composition System; Cosmed, Concord, CA). Body length was measured to the nearest 1 mm on a Harpenden neonatometer (Holtain, Crymych, UK).…”

Section: Growth and Body Composition Assessmentmentioning

confidence: 99%

Postnatal catch-up fat after late preterm birth

et al. 2012

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Background: Late preterm birth accounts for 70% of preterm births. The aim of the study was to investigate the postnatal weight gain and weight gain composition changes in a cohort of late preterm infants. Methods: a total of 49 late preterm infants (mean birth weight 2,496 ± 330 g and gestational age 35.2 ± 0.7 wks) underwent growth and body composition assessment by an air displacement plethysmography system on the fifth day of life, at term, and at 1 and 3 mo of corrected age. The reference group was composed of 40 healthy, full-term, breast-fed infants. results: The late preterm infants showed a Δ fat mass gain between birth and term-corrected age equal to 182%. as compared with full-term infants, at term and 1 mo of corrected age mean weight (3,396 ± 390 vs. 3,074 ± 409 g and 4,521 ± 398 vs. 4,235 ± 673 g, respectively) and percentage of fat mass (16.1 ± 4.6 vs. 8.9 ± 2.9 and 22.6 ± 4.2 vs. 17.4 ± 4.0, respectively) were significantly higher in late preterm infants, whereas no difference among groups was found at 3 mo. conclusion: Rapid postnatal catch-up fat was found in these infants. Further studies are needed to investigate whether this short-term increase in fat mass may modulate the risk of chronic diseases or represent an adaptive mechanism to extrauterine life.

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“…Breastfed infants generally grow slower and are leaner than formula-fed infants (Dewey et al, 1992(Dewey et al, , 1995Heinig et al, 1993;Michaelsen et al, 1994;Nielsen et al, 1998;Agostoni et al, 1999). The difference may be explained by the difference in protein content between breast milk and IF.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The effects of whole milk and infant formula on growth and IGF-I in late infancy

et al. 2009

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Background/Objectives: High protein intake has been associated with increased growth. This may be linked to increased concentrations of insulin-like growth factor I (IGF-I), which seems to be influenced by the diet, especially its protein component. The short-term effects of high protein intake in late infancy are not known. The objective was to investigate the effects of high protein intake in the form of whole milk (WM) on growth and IGF-I from 9 to 12 months of age. Subjects/Methods: Healthy infants (n ¼ 83) were randomized to receive either WM or infant formula and fish oil or no fish oil (2 Â 2 design). Anthropometric variables, IGF-I concentrations, serum urea nitrogen (SUN) and diet were recorded before and after the intervention. Results: Intake of WM significantly increased the protein energy percentage (PE%; Pp0.001) and SUN (P ¼ 0.01), whereas there was no effect on size. The milk intervention increased IGF-I in boys (P ¼ 0.034) but not in girls. Intake of fish oil had no effect on the outcomes. Including all infants in the analysis there was a significant correlation between weight and IGF-I at 12 months (r ¼ 0.316, P ¼ 0.017), and PE% was positively associated with IGF-I after adjusting for sex and breastfeeding at both 9 (r ¼ 0.329, P ¼ 0.015) and 12 months (r ¼ 0.272, P ¼ 0.044). Conclusions: Randomization to WM had no overall effect on growth. However, the positive effect of WM on IGF-I in boys and the positive association between PE% intake and IGF-I at 9 and 12 months is consistent with the hypothesis that a high milk intake stimulates growth.

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Growth patterns of breast fed and formula fed infants in the first 12 months of life: an Italian study

Cited by 105 publications

References 9 publications

Infant Feeding Practices in the First Year of Life in a Metropolitan Italian Cohort

Infant Feeding Practices in the First Year of Life in a Metropolitan Italian Cohort

Postnatal catch-up fat after late preterm birth

The effects of whole milk and infant formula on growth and IGF-I in late infancy

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