The effects of whole milk and infant formula on growth and IGF-I in late infancy

Larnkjær, Anni; Hoppe, Camilla; Mølgaard, Christian; Michaelsen, Kim F.

doi:10.1038/ejcn.2008.80

Cited by 51 publications

(54 citation statements)

References 44 publications

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“…We speculate that this may be due to more rapid growth in height because of improvement of nutritional status. 23,24 Associations of the age of AR with serum lipids, lipoproteins, AI, SBP, and DBP, with an earlier AR related to appearance of more atherogenic variables at 12 years of age, was apparent in boys in the current study; only Apo B showed a significant association with AR age in girls. The underlying mechanism of these sexually dimorphic differences may involve sex hormone levels and the androgen/estrogen balance.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 44%

Adiposity Rebound and the Development of Metabolic Syndrome

et al. 2014

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OBJECTIVE: The age of adiposity rebound (AR) is defined as the time at which BMI starts to rise after infancy and is thought to be a marker of later obesity. To determine whether this age is related to future occurrence of metabolic syndrome, we investigated the relationship of the timing of AR with metabolic consequences at 12 years of age. METHODS: A total of 271 children (147 boys and 124 girls) born in 1995 and 1996 were enrolled in the study. Serial measurements of BMI were conducted at the ages of 4 and 8 months and 1, 1.5, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, and 12 years, based on which age of AR was calculated. Plasma lipids and blood pressure were measured at 12 years of age. RESULTS: An earlier AR (<4 years of age) was associated with a higher BMI (≥20) and a lipoprotein phenotype representative of insulin resistance. This phenotype consists of elevated triglycerides, apolipoprotein B, and atherogenic index and decreased high-density lipoprotein cholesterol in boys and elevated apolipoprotein B in girls at 12 years of age. The earlier AR was also related to elevated blood pressure in boys. CONCLUSIONS: This longitudinal population-based study indicates that children who exhibit AR at a younger age are predisposed to future development of metabolic syndrome. Therefore, monitoring of AR may be an effective method for the early identification of children at risk for metabolic syndrome.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 44%

Adiposity Rebound and the Development of Metabolic Syndrome

et al. 2014

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“…Literature on the programming effect of fish-oil supplementation on later IGF-I concentrations is lacking. However, a Danish study by Larnkjaer et al (24) showed that supplementing either whole milk or infant formulae with fish oil for 3 mo had no immediate effect on IGF-I in 12-mo-old infants.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Intake of fish oil during pregnancy and adiposity in 19-y-old offspring: follow-up on a randomized controlled trial

Rytter

Bech²,

Christensen³

et al. 2011

The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition

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Background: It is well established that obesity tends to track from early childhood into adult life. Studies in experimental animals have suggested that changes in the peri-and early postnatal intake of n23 (omega-3) polyunsaturated acids can affect the development of obesity in adult life. Objective: The aim of the current study was to investigate the effect of daily supplementation with 2.7 g long-chain n23 fatty acids during the third trimester of pregnancy on adiposity in 19-y-old offspring. Design: The study was based on follow-up of a randomized controlled trial from 1990, in which 533 pregnant women were randomly assigned to receive fish oil, olive oil, or no oil. At ;19 y of age, the offspring of subjects from the randomized controlled trial were invited to undergo a physical examination, including anthropometric measurements and fasting blood sampling. The blood sample was analyzed for insulin, glucose, glycated hemoglobin, leptin, adiponectin, insulin-like growth factor I, and high-sensitivity C-reactive protein. Multiple linear regression modeling, adjusted for sex, smoking, and parental overweight, was used to estimate the effect of fish oil relative to that of olive oil on BMI (in kg/m 2 ), waist circumference, and biochemical measures. Results: A total of 243 of the offspring were followed up. We found no difference between the fish-oil and olive oil groups in BMI (0.13; 20.92, 1.17) or waist circumference (0.7 cm; 22.1, 3.4 cm). Overall, results of the biochemical analyses supported the finding of no difference between the groups. Conclusion: We detected no effect of fish-oil supplementation during pregnancy on offspring adiposity in adolescence.Am J Clin Nutr 2011;94:701-8.

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“…Sufficient nutrient supply and adequate insulin action are important for fetal IGF-I production, indicating a linkage between growth and nutrient availability [1,2]. In term infants, IGF-I levels are associated with postnatal growth and protein intake during infancy [3,4,5,6,7,8]. …”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Growth in Preterm Infants Until Six Months Postterm: The Role of Insulin and IGF-I

Lagemaat

Rotteveel²,

Heijboer³

et al. 2013

Horm Res Paediatr

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Background/Aims: Since insulin-like growth factor type I (IGF-I) and insulin regulate growth in term infants, they were studied in relation to nutrient intake and growth until 6 months corrected age (CA) in preterm infants. Methods: In 138 preterm infants (51% male, gestational age (expressed as median (IQR)) 30.6 (1.9) weeks, birth weight 1,368 (389) g) weight SDS, length SDS, IGF-I, and insulin were measured at term age, 3 and 6 months CA. Results: IGF-I and insulin at term age were associated with weight SDS and length SDS at term age and 3 months CA. IGF-I and insulin at 3 months CA were associated with weight SDS and length SDS at 3 and 6 months CA. IGF-I and insulin at term age were negatively associated with gain in weight SDS and gain in length SDS between term age and 6 months CA (IGF-I: β = -1.03, 95% CI -1.65;-0.41, p = 0.001 and β = -0.78, 95% CI -1.32;-0.23, p = 0.005; insulin: β = -0.19, 95% CI -0.37;-0.01, p = 0.044 and β = -0.18, 95% CI -0.35;-0.01, p = 0.035). Nutrient intake was not associated with IGF-I or insulin. Conclusions: The present study suggests that IGF-I and insulin are important growth regulators in preterm infants until 6 months CA, independent of nutrient intake.

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The effects of whole milk and infant formula on growth and IGF-I in late infancy

Cited by 51 publications

References 44 publications

Adiposity Rebound and the Development of Metabolic Syndrome

Adiposity Rebound and the Development of Metabolic Syndrome

Intake of fish oil during pregnancy and adiposity in 19-y-old offspring: follow-up on a randomized controlled trial

Growth in Preterm Infants Until Six Months Postterm: The Role of Insulin and IGF-I

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