The formation of
composite materials is a fundamental process in
nature. Fluorapatite (FAp) and calcium carbonate (CaCO3) grown in gelatin can be used as in vitro substitutes for biomimetic
composite formation. Here we present our findings about polarity formation
in CaCO3 composites grown in macromolecular gels such as
gelatin, agar, and carrageenan, extending the analysis to another
calcium mineral: calcium oxalate (CaC2O4). The
grown spherical composites are investigated by scanning pyroelectric
microscopy (SPEM), which allows a mapping of the polarity of a surface.
SPEM measurements revealed bipolar structures for all measured composites,
indicative of an underlying mechanism of molecular recognition leading
to polar ordering of macromolecules. The process of polarity formation
inside such composites can be explained by a Markov-type mechanism.
The present results are compared to previously published data on FAp/gelatin
composites, showing that they are similar. A new group of biomimetic
materials was found that builds up bipolar states, driven by molecular
recognition.