Rhizome recruitment of Calamagrostis canadensis into mounds created for tree seedling establishment by Simon. M. LandhAusser and Victor J. Lieffers In a series of four experiments we investigated rhizome spread and growth of C. canadensis into mounds. Three experiments were established in the field. The first field experiment tested the effectiveness of mineral soil caps thickness of mounds and the importance of clonal connections to plants outside the mounds. The two other field experiments investigated the effect of organic layer removal prior mounding and the effect of increased moisture and nutrient levels on the rhizome penetration and distribution from (T canadensis plants outside of the mound. Mound thickness was the most important factor determining the success of C, canadensis establishment. Clonal connections were only of importance at the thin mineral soil cap, where larger amounts of rhizome biomass grew through the mounds supported by rhizome connections from the outside of the mound. Removing the organic horizons prior to mound construction resulted in a reduction of C. canadensis establishment on mounds. After two growing seasons, the spread of rhizomes from plants outside of the mound into the mineral soil cap was not strongly affected by the fertiliser and moisture treatments. The fourth experiment was conducted under a controlled environment, testing the ability of rhizomes from buried (T canadensis sods, which had been pre-treated with two levels of light and nutrients, to grow through mineral soil caps of different thickness. Treating C. canadensis with low light and nutrients reduced in a carbohydrate concentrations in rhizomes by 20% and rhizome biomass by 42%. Despite low carbohydrate reserves, the sprouting ability of rhizomes through the mineral soil cap was equal to the control.Strategies of C. canadensis establishment on mound are discussed. Thicker mounds