“…Various methods such as the Czochralski technique [12,13], flux method [14,15] and solid-state reactions [16] have been used to synthesize single crystals, whiskers, and powders of CaWO 4 . In our previous paper [12,13], we obtained CaWO 4 and Nd:CaWO 4 single crystals using the Czochralski technique taking hydrodynamics equations into account, as we have successfully done for many oxide single crystals (Bi 12 SiO 20 [17], Bi 12 GeO 20 [18], sapphire [19], Nd:YAG [20], etc.).…”